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Cell Biology > Chapter 12: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transmembrane Transport

A

Movement of proteins across a bilayer from the cytosol to a topologically distinct compartment

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus

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3
Q

Signal patch

A

Protein sorting signal that consists of a special three-dimensional arrangement of atoms on the folded protein’s surface.

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Contents of the main compartment of the cell, excluding the nucleus and membrane bounded compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria

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5
Q

Gated Transport

A

Movement of proteins through nuclear pore complexes between the cytosol and the nucleus.

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6
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane enclosed compartment in a eukaryotic cell that has a distinct structure, macromolecular composition and function

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7
Q

Signal Sequence

A

Protein sorting signal that consists of a short continuous sequence of amino acids.

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8
Q

What is the fate of a protein with no sorting signal?

A

It will remain in the cytosol

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9
Q

List the organelles in an animal cell that obtain their proteins via gated transport

A

The nucleus

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10
Q

List the organelles in an animal cell that obtain their proteins via transmembrane transport

A

Peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the ER

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11
Q

List the organelles that obtain their proteins via vesicular transport

A

The Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, early and late endosomes, and lysosomes

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12
Q

What are some cells in humans that have no organelles?

A

Red blood cells and the cells on the retina

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13
Q

Nuclear Export Signal

A

Sorting signal contained in the structure of macromolecules and complexes that are transported from the nucleus to the cytosol through nuclear pore complexes

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14
Q

Nuclear Pore Complex

A

Large multiprotein structure forming a channel through the nuclear envelope that allows selected molecules to move between nucleus and cytoplasm.

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15
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus and defines the nuclear compartment

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16
Q

Ran

A

Monomeric GTPase present in both cytosol and nucleus that is required for the active transport of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes

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17
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Fibrous meshwork of proteins on the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane. The protein subunit is called nuclear lamin

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18
Q

Nuclear localization receptor

A

Sorting signal found in proteins destined for the nucleus and which enable their selective transport into the nucleus from the cytosol through the nuclear pore complexes.

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19
Q

Outer nuclear membrane

A

the portion of the nuclear envelope that is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and is studded with ribosomes on its cytosolic side.

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20
Q

Nuclear import receptor

A

Protein that binds nuclear localization signals and facilitates the transport of proteins with these signals from the cytosol into the nucleus through NPC.

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21
Q

Inner nuclear membrane

A

Contains specific proteins that act as anchoring sites for chromatin

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membrane enclosed organelles, about the size of bacteria, that carry out oxidative phosphorylation and produce most of the ATP in eucaryotic cells

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23
Q

Mitochondrial Hsp70

A

Part of a multisubunit protein assembly that is bound to the matrix side of the TIM 23 complex and acts as a motor to pull the precursor protein into the matrix space

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24
Q

TOM complex

A

Multisubunit protein assembly that transports proteins across the mitochondrial outer memrbane

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25
Q

Stroma

A

The matrix space of a chloroplast

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26
Q

Inner Membrane

A

The membrane of a mitochondria that encloses the matrix and is folded into cristae

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27
Q

TIM complex

A

Multisubunit protein assembly that transports proteins across the inner mitochondrial membrane

28
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened sac of membrane in a chloroplast that contains the protein subunits of the photosynthetic system and of the ATP synthase

29
Q

Mitochondrial precursor protein

A

Protein encoded by a nuclear gene, synthesized in the cytosol , and subsequently transported into mitochondria

30
Q

The TOM complex is required for the import of all nucleus encoded mitochondrial proteins. (true or false)

A

True

31
Q

Peroxisome

A

Small membrane bound organelle that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules

32
Q

Peroxin

A

One of several proteins that are involved in protein import into peroxisomes

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Region of the ER not associated with ribosomes. Involved in lipid synthesis

34
Q

ER

A

Labyrinthe membrane enclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of eucaryotic cells, where lipids are synthesized and membrane bound proteins and secretory proteins are made

35
Q

SRP

A

signal recognition particle; ribonucleoprotein that binds an ER signal sequence on a partially synthesized polypeptide chain and directs the polypeptide and its attached ribosome to the ER

36
Q

Co-translational

A

Describes import of a protein into the ER before the polypeptide chain is complete

37
Q

ER retention signal

A

Short amino acid sequence on a protein that keeps it in the ER

38
Q

Unfolded protein response

A

Cellular action triggered by an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER

39
Q

Sec61 complex

A

The protein translocator that forms a water filled pore in the ER membrane allowing passage of a polypeptide chain as it is being synthesized by membrane bound ribosomes

40
Q

post translational

A

Describes any process involving a protein that occurs after protein synthesis

41
Q

Microsome

A

Small vesicle that is derived from fragmented ER produced when cells are homogenized

42
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Any protein with one or more oligosaccharide chains covalently linked to amino acid side chains

43
Q

Free ribosome

A

Ribosome in the cytosol that is unattached to any membrane

44
Q

GPI linkage

A

Type of lipid linkage by which some proteins are bound to the membrane

45
Q

Stop transfer signal

A

Hydrophobic amino acid sequence that halts translocation of a polypeptide chain through the ER membrane, thus, anchoring the protein chain in the membrane.

46
Q

Dolichol

A

A special lipid molecule that holds the precursor oligosaccharide in the ER membrane. It transfers the oligosaccharide to a protein to make an N-linkage

47
Q

BiP

A

A resident ER chaperone protein. Pulls proteins post translationally into the ER through the ER translocators.

48
Q

Calnexin and Calreticulin

A

Lectin (ER chaperone proteins) carbohydrate binging proteins. Recognize n-linked oligosaccharides that contain a single terminal glucose.

Import in regulation of properly folded proteins

49
Q

ER signal sequence

A

a signal sequence that initiates their translocation by a common mechanism

50
Q

OXA complex

A

Translocator in the inner mitochondrial membrane; mediates the insertion of inner membrane proteins that are synthesized within the mitochondria.

51
Q

SAM complex

A

Helps fold beta barrel proteins into the outer membrane

52
Q

Sorting signal

A

Amino acid sequence that directs the protein to locations outside the cytosol

53
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Membrane enclosed transport intermediates that ferry proteins from one compartment to another.

54
Q

What are the three mechanisms by which proteins move from one compartment to another?

A

Gated transport, transmembrane transport, & vesicular transport

55
Q

Signal peptidases

A

Remove the signal sequence from the finished protein once the sorting process is complete

56
Q

Lumen

A

The interior of an organelle

57
Q

Nuclear export receptors

A

Receptors that bind to both the export signal and NPC proteins to guide their cargo through the NPC to the cytosol

58
Q

Nuclear lamins

A

The protein subunits that make up the nuclear lamina

59
Q

Nuclear transport receptors

A

Proteins that escorts macromolecules either into or out of the nucleus: nuclear import receptor or nuclear export receptor

60
Q

Outer membrane

A

Membrane of the mitochondria that is in contact with the cytosol

61
Q

Intermembrane space

A

Space between the outer membrane and inner membrane of the mitochondria

62
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle in green algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis. A specialized form of a plastid.

63
Q

Start transfer signal

A

Short amino acid sequence that enables a polypeptide chain to start being translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane through a protein translocator. Multipass proteins have both N-terminal and internal start transfer signals.

64
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Labyrinthine membrane-bounded compartment in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, where lipids are synthesized and membrane bound proteins and secretory proteins are made

65
Q

Rough ER

A

ER reticulum with ribosomes on its cytosolic surface involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane bound proteins

66
Q

ER lumen

A

The internal space of the ER that occupies more than 10% of the total cell volume

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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