CHAPTER 12- Hematology

Question 1

Iron deficiency typically manifests as:

1. Macrocytic, normochromic anemia.
2. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia.
3. Microcytic, normochromic anemia.
4. Normochromic, normocytic anemia.

Answer 1

2. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia.

Iron deficiency results in the development of cells that are smaller in size (microcytic) and more pale in color (hypochromic) due to the lack of Hgb during cell synthesis. In the early phases of iron deficiency, cells may actually remain normocytic and normochromic because the bone marrow draws upon stored iron reserves during erythropoiesis. Once the stores have been depleted, the production the erythrocytes formed become microcytic and hypochromic.

Question 2

A 20-year-old college student presents with complaints of excessive fatigue, fever, and exudative pharyngitis, which is accompanied by anterior and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. What WBC findings would support the suspected diagnosis?

1. Increased neutrophils with more than 10% bands
2. Increased lymphocytes with more than 10% atypical lymphocytes
3. Increased total leukocytes, with an increased proportion of basophils
4. Increased total leukocytes, with an increased proportion of eosinophils

Answer 2

2. Increased lymphocytes with more than 10% atypical lymphocytes

The case scenario is consistent with the classic triad seen with infectious mononucleosis: fever, exudative pharyngitis, and adenopathy. Within mono, the characteristic CBC findings include absolute lymphocytosis in which more than 10% of the cells are atypical.

Question 3

Which of the following laboratory findings are most consistent with anemia related to folic acid deficiency?

1. Decreased MCV and decreased MCHC
2. Decreased MCV and normal MCHC
3. Increased MCV and normal MCHC
4. Normal MCV and normal MCHC

Answer 3

3. Increased MCV and normal MCHC

Folic acid deficiency results in impaired RNA and DNA synthesis within the developing erythrocyte and the development of immature and dysfunctional enlarged RBCs (megaloblasts). Because hemoglobin synthesis is not impaired, RBCs formed in the presence of folic acid deficiency retain their normal concentration of hemoglobin (MCHC) and normal color.

Question 4

The FNP is evaluating a CBC that reveals an abnormally low Hgb, Hct, and RBC count. Which of the following lab values would assist the FNP in determining if the anemia was microcytic or macrocytic?

1. Ferritin level
2. MCV
3. MCHC
4. TIBC

Answer 4

2. MCV

The mean cell volume is the lab value that reflects RBC size or average volume. Based on MCV, cells are classified as normocytic (80–100 femtoliters [fL]), microcytic ( 100 fL).

Question 5

Which of the following conditions is associated with normocytic anemia?

1. A deficiency in vitamin B12 intake or absorption
2. Chronic blood loss
3. Concurrent chronic illness (i.e., chronic kidney disease)
4. Inadequate globin synthesis

Answer 5

3. Concurrent chronic illness (i.e., chronic kidney disease)

Normocytic anemia, with an MCV of 80–100fL, correlates with anemia of chronic disease. Chronic blood loss is associated with iron deficiency anemia, a microcytic anemia. Deficiency in vitamin B12 results in the development of macrocytic anemia. Inadequate globin synthesis occurs in beta thalassemia, a microcytic anemia.

Question 6

The FNP is following up with a patient previously diagnosed with anemia who complains of a sore tongue and numbness and tingling of the hands and feet. The FNP recognizes that she needs to address the patient’s response to:

1. Administration of erythropoietin.
2. Ferrous sulfate supplementation.
3. Folic acid supplementation.
4. Vitamin B12 supplementation.

Answer 6

4. Vitamin B12 supplementation.

The case presentation is that of vitamin B12 deficiency. Although glossitis may occur with folic acid deficiency, parasthesias of the hands and feet in a stocking/glove distribution are characteristic of pernicious anemia; thus, it is important to evaluate the patient’s response to vitamin B12 supplementation.

Question 7

The FNP is following up with a young adult woman previously diagnosed with microcytic, hypochromic anemia. The FNP recognizes that it is important to rule out:

1. Abnormal uterine bleeding.
2. Gastrointestinal bleeding.
3. Inadequate intake of folic acid.
4. Low carbohydrate diet fads.

Answer 7

1. Abnormal uterine bleeding.

In young adult women, abnormal uterine bleeding is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia, a microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Bleeding from the GI tract is a more common cause of IDA in older adults. Inadequate intake of folic acid would result in macrocytic anemia. Low carbohydrate diets still allow for adequate intake of iron from meats and green leafy vegetables.

Question 8

What laboratory finding on the white blood cell count would lead the nurse practitioner to suspect acute appendicitis as the cause of a client’s right lower quadrant abdominal pain?

1. Increased lymphocytes with more than 10% atypical lymphs
2. Increased neutrophils with more than 10% bands
3. Increased total leukocytes, with an increased proportion of basophils
4. Increased total leukocytes, with an increased proportion of eosinophils

Answer 8

1. Increased lymphocytes with more than 10% atypical lymphs

Acute infectious processes stimulate an increase in the production and release of mature neutrophils and mobilization of less mature neutrophils or bands. Normally, the vast majority of neutrophils circulating in the bloodstream are in the mature form, but with acute infectious processes, mobilization of bands can increase the proportion of immature neutrophils to greater than 10%.

Question 9

When interpreting findings in an individual with leukocytosis, the FNP recognizes that a “left shift” is represented by an increase in the proportion of:

1. Eosoniphils.
2. Lymphocytes.
3. Monocytes.
4. Neutrophils.

Answer 9

4. Neutrophils.

The term “left shift” is almost always associated with neutrophils. The left shift means that the population of cells is shifted toward most immature cells, with an increased percentage of immature neutrophils (i.e., bands, metamyeloctyes, and myelocytes) being present to fight infection.

Question 10

What organ system is responsible for the majority of the body’s production of erythropoietin?

1. Bone Marrow
2. Kidneys
3. Liver
4. Spleen

Answer 10

2. Kidneys

90% of the body’s erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys; only about 10% is produced in the liver.

Question 11

An elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) correlates with which of the following findings on the peripheral smear?

1. Anisocytosis
2. Microcytosis
3. Poikilocytosis
4. Reticulocytosis

Answer 11

1. Anisocytosis

Anisocytosis describes variance in RBC sizes that is common in anemia as new cells formed are larger (macrocytic) or smaller (microcytic) than the healthy cells which were formed prior to the underlying processes that resulted in anemia. This variance in sizes of circulating red blood sizes correlates with an increased RDW.

Question 12

Women of childbearing age should have an adequate intake of what micronutrient to decrease the risk of fetal neural tube defects?

1. Folic acid
2. Iron
3. Vitamin B6
4. Vitamin B12

Answer 12

1. Folic acid

Folic acid deficiency in early pregnancy has been linked to the teratogenic effect of neural tube defects.

Question 13

The most appropriate additional diagnostic test for the patient with decreased WBCs, RBCs, and platelets is a:

1. Bone marrow biopsy.
2. Direct Coombs’ test.
3. Hemoglobin electrophoresis.
4. Serum haptoglobin.

Answer 13

1. Bone marrow biopsy.

Pancytopenia (a deficiency in all three cellular components of the blood) is indicative of aplastic anemia. A bone marrow aspiration biopsy is needed to rule out myelodysplastic syndrome and metastatic tumor deposits. The hypoplastic bone marrow of aplastic anemia will have fatty replacement which is often accompanied by a relative increase in nonhematopoietic elements (i.e., mast cells).

Question 14

The presence of schistocytes on the peripheral smear of a patient with decreased platelets should raise the suspicion of:

1. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
2. Erythroblastisfetalis.
3. Thalassemia major.
4. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Answer 14

4. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpua is a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia that is accompanied by systemic microvascular thrombosis that can impact any organ(s) within the body. Within this potentially fatal condition, RBCs within the circulation become severed as they come in contact with thrombi within the vessels. The remaining fragmented cell is known as schistocyte. An initial schistocyte count of greater than 1% strongly suggests a diagnosis of TTP in the absence of other known causes of thrombotic microangiopathy.

Question 15

The FNP is educating an anemic patient about the procedure(s) for a Schilling test. The practitioner recognizes that a Schilling test involves:

1. An early morning, fasting lab draw.
2. Collecting urine for 24 hours.
3. Endoscopic sampling of the gastric mucosa.
4. Serial collections of serum vitamin B12 levels.

Answer 15

2. Collecting urine for 24 hours.

The Schilling test is used to determine whether the body absorbs vitamin B12 normally. Patients undergoing testing receive two doses of vitamin B12: The first is an oral radioactive form; an intramuscular injection of non-radioactive vitamin B12 is administered one hour later. The patient then collects urine over the next 24 hours, and the specimen is evaluated to determine how much vitamin B12 is excreted in the urine.

Question 16

What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with the following CBC findings?: WBC: 7.1 × 103/µl; RBC: 3.32 × 103/µl; Hgb: 11.3 g/Dl; Hct: 34.4%; MCV: 91 fL; MCHC: 32 g/dL;Plt: 364 × 103/µl; RDW: 13.4%; Reticulocytes: 0.9%.

1. Anemia of chronic disease
2. Folate deficiency anemia
3. Iron deficiency anemia
4. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer 16

1. Anemia of chronic disease

The MCV of this patient with anemia reveals a normocytic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is a microcytic anemia, while folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies result in the production of RBCs that are larger in size than normal cells, macrocytic anemia.

Question 17

What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with the following CBC findings?: WBC: 8.8 × 103/µl; RBC: 3.01 × 103/µl; Hgb: 10.3 g/dL; Hct: 32.2%; MCV: 74 fL; MCHC: 28.3 g/dL; Plt: 400 × 103/µl; RDW: 18.4%; Reticulocytes: 2.1%.

1. Anemia of chronic disease
2. Folate deficiency anemia
3. Iron deficiency anemia
4. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer 17

3. Iron deficiency anemia

The MCV of this patient with anemia reveals a microcytic anemia. Anemia of chronic disease is most commonly a normocytic anemia, while folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies result in the production of RBCs that are larger in size than normal cells, which is called macrocytic anemia.

Question 18

Which diagnostic test could help identify whether the cause of anemia is hemolytic in nature?

1. Bone marrow aspiration
2. Direct antiglobulin test
3. Hemoglobin electrophoresis
4. Serum haptoglobin

Answer 18

4. Serum haptoglobin

Standard blood tests for the workup of suspected hemolytic anemia include a CBC with peripheral smear, serum LDH, serum haptoglobin, and indirect bilirubin. Changes in the LDH and serum haptoglobin are the most sensitive of these tests. Within intravascular hemolysis, free hemoglobin is released into the circulation and quickly bound by haptoglobin; thus, circulating haptoglobin levels decline.

Question 19

The lab index that has demonstrated reliability as an early marker of microcytic and macrocytic anemias is the:

1. MCH.
2. MCHC.
3. MCV.
4. RDW.

Answer 19

4. RDW.

An increase in RDW beyond the normal range of 15% is seen in early attempts to maintain hematologic homeostasis. Marked reticulocytosis results in transient changes to the RDW because the reticulocytes differ in size from the cells produced under healthy conditions.

Question 20

The FNP is seeing a patient who has been taking ferrous sulfate. Which statement by the patient demonstrates a need for additional education?

1. “I should take my medication with orange juice to increase absorption.”
2. “I should take one tablet twice a day.”
3. “It is best to take the iron on an empty stomach.”
4. “It is recommended that I take enteric coated iron with meals.”

Answer 20

4. “It is recommended that I take enteric coated iron with meals.”

Iron is best absorbed when taken on an empty stomach, but does have GI effects that limit tolerability (i.e., nausea and epigastric discomfort); taking iron supplementation with food can decreased absorption by two-thirds and the use of enteric-coated preparations limits the absorption in the duodenum. Ascorbic acid does enhance iron absorption in the GI tract.

Question 21

An older adult with ESRD who is undergoing hemodialysis is in the office for follow-up. The patient is on erythropoietin therapy, but has not been able to attain a hemoglobin level greater than 9.2 g/dL despite negative assessment for blood loss and other common etiologies known to contribute to hyporesponsiveness to erythropoietin. The patient’s haptoglobin and LDH are elevated. Which of the following causes of hemolysis is most likely contributing to the patient’s anemia?

1. Autoimmune
2. Drug-induced
3. Hereditary
4. Mechanical

Answer 21

4. Mechanical

Patients undergoing hemodialysis are at risk for physical damage to the RBC membranes because it causes them to break down faster than normal. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is linked to specific diseases (lupus, hepatitis, leukemia, and lymphoma) and infections (EBV, CMV, and HIV). Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is linked to chemotherapy, quinine and antimalarial medications, levodopa, and anti-inflammatories, among others). Hereditary or inherited hemolytic anemias (including sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, and hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis) most commonly have manifestations that begin earlier in the lifespan.

Question 22

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in individuals with sickle cell anemia?

1. Bacterial infection
2. Heart failure
3. Kidney failure
4. Stroke

Answer 22

1. Bacterial infection

Although the risk of bacterial infections does decrease in the individual with sickle cell anemia after the age of three years, bacterial infections are still the most common cause of death at any age.

Question 23

When evaluating the patient with megaloblastic anemia who does not have neurological symptoms, the FNP recognizes that the most likely diagnosis is:

1. An underlying hemolytic process.
2. Folic acid deficiency.
3. Iron deficiency.
4. Suppression of the bone marrow.

Answer 23

2. Folic acid deficiency.

Megaloblastic anemia correlates with macrocytic anemia. Of the macrocytic anemias, vitamin B12 commonly produces a variety of neurological symptoms because of its relationship with methylmalonic acid and methionine, while folic acid deficiency does not manifest with neurological symptoms.

Question 24

An older adult who has been hospitalized with macrocytic anemia with an Hgb of 8 g/dl is being seen for follow-up. Because of the degree of anemia, daily vitamin B12 injections for one week have been ordered. What additional labs will be drawn during this follow-up visit?

1. Calcium level
2. Creatinine and BUN
3. Fasting glucose
4. Potassium level

Answer 24

4. Potassium level

Vitamin B12 replacement is accompanied by a shift of potassium from the serum to within the cells during reticulocytosis; the risk for hypokalemia is more common in the individual with severe anemia and can be compounded by coexisting conditions or medications that place the individual at risk for hypokalemia or the negative consequences associated with this electrolyte imbalance (e.g., those on diuretics or digoxin).

Question 25

The gold standard for diagnosing sickle cell disease is a(n):

1. Bone marrow aspiration.
2. Direct antiglobin test.
3. Hemoglobin electrophoresis.
4. Indirect Coombs’ test.

Answer 25

3. Hemoglobin electrophoresis.

Hemoglobin electrophoresis identifies variant and abnormal hemoglobins, including hemoglobin S (HbS) or sickle hemoglobin. It can be used to differentiate those who have sickle cell disease (in which at least one of the two abnormal inherited genes will result in the production of hemoglobin S) and sickle cell anemia (in which the individual has inherited two hemoglobin S genes, hemoglobin SS [HbSS], the most common and severe type of the disease).

Question 26

What therapy is commonly used to prevent acute pain syndrome in children and adults with SCD?

1. Hydroxyurea
2. Ibuprofen
3. Intravenous iron infusions
4. Monthly blood transfusions

Answer 26

1. Hydroxyurea

Several studies in children and adults have revealed that hydroxyurea reduces the number of episodes of vaso-occlusive or pain crises and hospitalizations. Therapy with hydroxyurea has also been shown to decrease the need for transfusions. Experts recommend that children and adults with hemoglobin SS who have frequent, painful episodes, recurrent chest crises, or severe anemia requiring transfusions take hydroxyurea daily. Some experts initiate this therapy to all hemoglobin SS children over the age of 9 months to prevent or reduce the chance of complications; safety and effectiveness in children under the age of 9 months has not been established. Ibuprofen is helpful when mild pain crises occur.

Question 27

A seven-year-old boy, recently diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), has been receiving induction chemotherapy treatments. Current lab values indicate a WBC count of 4,300/mm3, neutrophils 50%, lymphocytes 15%, monocytes 2%, eosinophils 3%, and basophils 1%. What is his absolute neutrophil count (ANC)?

1. 86/mm3
2. 645/mm3
3. 2,150/mm3
4. 3,440/mm3

Answer 27

3. 2,150/mm3

The absolute neutrophil count (ANC) refers to the number of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood and is utilized as a measure of risk for infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy. The ANC is calculated by multiplying the WBC count by the percent of neutrophils (segs and bands) present in the blood. The ANC can be interpreted as follows: ANC greater than 1500/mm3: No increased risk of infection; ANC 1000–1500/mm3: Slight increase in risk of infection; ANC 500–1000/mm3: Moderate increase in risk of infection; ANC 100–500/mm3: High risk of infection; ANC less than 100/mm3: Extremely high risk of infection

Question 28

A 19-year-old male has beta thalassemia major, which was detected during infancy. He receives frequent RBC transfusions for severe anemia. Which of the following supplements should the patient avoid?

1. Folic acid
2. Multi-vitamins with iron
3. Vitamin B12
4. Vitamin C

Answer 28

2. Multi-vitamins with iron

Iron overload is a major concern for transfusion-dependent patients with thalassemia major, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Each unit of transfused blood has approximately 250 mg of iron, which accumulates in the tissues, especially the liver and heart. Thalassemia major patients commonly undergo iron chelation therapy to minimize their risk of transfusion-induced iron overload complications. Supplementation with iron should be avoided unless there is substantial evidence of an iron deficiency.

Question 29

A mother of an exclusively breast fed 4-month-old infant presents to the nurse practitioner for a well-child examination. Which of the following recommendations is appropriate at this time to reduce the risk for iron deficiency anemia in the infant?

1. Begin supplementation with an iron-rich formula.
2. Have the mother take an iron supplement.
3. Initiate an oral multivitamin with iron for the baby.
4. Introduce iron-rich foods for the baby.

Answer 29

3. Initiate an oral multivitamin with iron for the baby.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (2010) identifies that iron deficiency anemia is a common yet undetected problem among children. Current recommendations include universal iron supplementation for all children, with dosing dependent on the child’s age and the anticipated amount of iron consumed. Term, healthy infants have sufficient iron for the first 4 months of life. Human breast milk contains very little iron, and therefore, breastfed infants should be supplemented with 1 mg/kg per day of oral iron from 4 months of age until iron-rich foods are introduced. Formula-fed infants receive adequate iron from formula and complementary foods, and supplementation is not required.

Question 30

A 20-year-old African American male was recently treated for a minor skin infection with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim DS twice daily for 10 days. He returns to the clinic complaining of fatigue, yellowing of his skin and eyes, and dark urine. These symptoms lead the nurse practitioner to suspect which of the following?

1. G6PD deficiency
2. Pernicious anemia
3. Sickle cell disease
4. Thalassemia

Answer 30

1. G6PD deficiency

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disorder in which the body doesn’t have enough of the G6PD enzyme to help protect the RBCs from oxidative insult. The most common presentation is hemolytic anemia, leading to symptoms of jaundice, pallor, fatigue, dark urine, tachycardia, and dyspnea. G6PD is on the X chromosome and tends to affect more men than women. The hemolytic anemia is most often triggered by an oxidative stressor such as bacterial or viral infections and certain medications (sulfonamides, analgesics, antimalarials, antihelminths). Hemolytic anemia can also occur after eating fava beans or inhaling pollen from fava plants (a reaction called favism), or exposure to mothballs.

Question 31

The nurse practitioner is caring for the mother of three children under the age of 5 years who recently began supplementation with ferrous sulfate over-the-counter. What is the most important educational focus for her at this follow-up visit?

1. Addressing the importance of taking the medication at the same time every day.
2. Determining where she keeps her medication bottles.
3. Ensuring that she understands the rationale for her current therapy.
4. Identifying the underlying pathophysiology leading to anemia.

Answer 31

2. Determining where she keeps her medication bottles.

Iron poisoning is a common toxicologic emergency in young children. Education is essential in the prevention of such events. More than 15,000 cases of iron exposure are reported to poison control centers across the nation annually. Approximately 1/5 of cases result in unintentional ingestion in children under the age of 6. The medication is available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, drops, syrups, and elixirs contained in bottles both with and without child-proof closures. The availability of the medication within reach of children in the home and the candy-like appearance contributes to these avoidable occurrences.

Question 32

A 16-year-old female is experiencing an asthma exacerbation following exposure to cats at her neighbor’s home. Which leukocyte will likely be elevated?

1. Basophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Monocytes
4. Neutrophils

Answer 32

2. Eosinophils

The leukocytes that increase during an allergic reaction are the eosinophils. Eosinophils regulate inflammation and destroy foreign substances. The normal percentage of eosinophils on a CBC differential is 0–5%. Eosinophilia occurs when a large amount of eosinophils are recruited to a particular site in the body and are most commonly triggered by allergic disorders and parasitic infections.

Question 33

Which of the following conditions is a common reason for lymphocytosis?

1. Acute rhinosinusitis
2. Leukemia
3. Malaria
4. Streptococcal pharyngitis

Answer 33

2. Leukemia

The majorities of both acute and chronic forms of leukemia affect lymphocytes and are a common reason for leukocytosis. Lymphocytes are the primary components of the body’s immune system and are the second most common WBCs, second to neutrophils. Lymphocytosis may also indicate acute or chronic infections, cancer of the blood or lymphatic system, or autoimmune disorders causing chronic inflammation.

Question 34

A 33-year-old pregnant female with a history of beta thalassemia trait consults with the nurse practitioner about her child’s risk for inheriting the disorder. The father of the child is uninvolved in the prenatal planning, and it is unknown whether he is a carrier. The most appropriate action by the nurse practitioner is to:

1. Counsel the mother about pregnancy termination options.
2. Discuss that a prenatal diagnosis cannot be made.
3. Discuss that the chances of the child inheriting the disease are 50%.
4. Refer the patient for genetic counseling.

Answer 34

4. Refer the patient for genetic counseling.

Parents with any combination of alpha or beta thalassemia syndromes place a child at risk for the disorder. Each child of two carrier parents is at a 25% risk of the disease. If a parent is positive for the trait, a prenatal diagnosis can be made with fetal blood sampling or chorionic villi sampling. Genetic counseling is an integral and necessary component of comprehensive care for patients and parents affected by all forms of thalassemia disease and trait. Genetic counseling is the process of providing information and support to individuals and families with a diagnosis and/or risk of occurrence of an inherited disorder. Services should be provided by a licensed genetic counselor.

Question 35

Which of the following lab tests confirms a diagnosis of iron deficiency when evaluating microcytic anemia?

1. Hgb electrophoresis
2. Platelet count
3. Serum ferritin
4. Vitamin B12 level

Answer 35

3. Serum ferritin

Ferritin is a protein found within cells that stores iron for later use. Serum ferritin reflects the iron storage capacity of the body and is the most useful test to diagnose iron deficiency anemia. Serum ferritin levels are often ordered in conjunction with other iron tests such as the total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Ferritin levels are low in iron deficiency anemia and elevated in iron overload, inflammation, or infection. A normal ferritin level is 12–300 ng/mL in males and 12–150 ng/mL in females.

Question 36

A 30-year-old female recently began treatment with ferrous sulfate 325 mg PO TID between meals. She presents to the nurse practitioner for a repeat CBC after one month of iron therapy. Lab values are as follows: Hgb 12.0 g/dL, Hct 36%, MCV 82, and MCHC 32 g/dL. What is the most appropriate follow-up course of action by the nurse practitioner?

1. Continue current treatment regimen.
2. Decrease oral iron supplementation.
3. Increase oral iron supplementation.
4. Switch to IV iron therapy.

Answer 36

1. Continue current treatment regimen.

An increase in hemoglobin by 1g/dL within one month of iron supplementation demonstrates an adequate response to treatment and confirms the diagnosis of IDA. In adults, therapy should be continued for 3 months after hemoglobin is corrected to restore ferritin stores.

Question 37

A 60-year-old female is following up with the nurse practitioner for a recent diagnosis of pernicious anemia, and she would like to know how long she will need to continue treatment with Vitamin B12. The most appropriate response by the nurse practitioner is:

1. 1–3 months.
2. 3–6 months.
3. 6–12 months.
4. Lifelong.

Answer 37

4. Lifelong.

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder caused by the destruction of parietal cells in the gastric fundus, resulting in the cessation of intrinsic factor production. The intrinsic factor is important for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the small intestine. Since pernicious anemia is irreversible, lifetime supplementation of B12 (injections, nasal, or high-dose oral route) is necessary.

Question 38

An 80-year-old Caucasian alcoholic male complains of fatigue, glossitis, and occasional palpitations. He denies neurological complaints. His CBC reveals the following: Hgb 8.0 g/dL, Hct 24%, and MCV 110. Which would be the most likely diagnosis?

1. Anemia of chronic disease
2. Folic acid deficiency anemia
3. Iron deficiency anemia
4. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer 38

2. Folic acid deficiency anemia

A deficiency in folate typically causes macrocytosis without neurological manifestations. The most common causes are inadequate dietary intake, malnutrition, and excessive alcohol intake. Folate food sources include green leafy vegetables, grains, beans, and liver. The classic presentation is an elderly patient and/or alcoholic older male with signs and symptoms of anemia such as weakness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, headache, palpitations, or shortness of breath.

Question 39

The nurse practitioner is following up with a patient who was recently diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency. To assess the effectiveness of dietary education, the FNP should focus on the patient’s intake of which food source?

1. Broccoli
2. Chicken
3. Legumes
4. Lettuce

Answer 39

2. Chicken

Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, including fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products. Vitamin B12 is generally not present in plant-based foods, but fortified breakfast cereals are an option for strict vegetarians.

Question 40

A monocyte count comprising 20% of leukocytes within the CBC is likely a result of which of the following?

1. An allergic response
2. An autoimmune disorder
3. An acute bacterial infection
4. A parasitic disease

Answer 40

2. An autoimmune disorder

Monocytes are the largest of the WBCs and comprise 2–8% of the leukocyte count. Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow and migrate from blood to tissue within a few hours, where they develop into macrophages and dendritic cells. Monocytes assist other leukocytes to remove dead or damaged tissues, destroy cancer cells, and regulate immunity against foreign substances. Monocytosis may occur in response to chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, blood disorders, or cancers.

Question 41

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neurologic abnormalities, fever, and renal disease are associated with which hematologic syndrome?

1. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
2. Immune heparin induced thrombocytopenic purpura
3. Nonimmune heparin induced thrombocytopenic purpura
4. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 41

4. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a syndrome of decreased platelets causing microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neurologic abnormalities, fever, and renal disease. Although not all patients present with the classic pentad of symptoms, the presence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia alone should prompt suspicion of TTP.

Question 42

The nurse practitioner is following up with a patient who was recently diagnosed with beta thalassemia major. The nurse practitioner recognizes that the life expectancy of someone with this disorder is:

1. 15 years.
2. 30 years.
3. 45 years.
4. 60 years.

Answer 42

2. 30 years.

Although persons with thalassemia trait have a normal life expectancy, patients with beta thalassemia major often die from cardiac complications from iron overload related to regular blood transfusions by 30 years of age.

Question 43

Following an upper respiratory infection, a 5-year-old boy presents to the clinic with his mother for complaints of unexplained purple discolorations to his upper and lower extremities, frequent nosebleeds, and petechiae. The CBC reveals a decreased platelet count. Which diagnosis is most likely?

1. Aplastic anemia
2. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
3. Sickle cell disease
4. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura

Answer 43

2. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is a syndrome characterized by a decreased number of platelets causing a reduced ability for primary clotting leading to purpura and petechiae. The cause is unknown, but in children, most cases are acute and tend to follow a viral illness. The condition is diagnosed with a CBC and isolated thrombocytopenia is the hallmark finding.

Question 44

Which of the following is a potential complication for a patient diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?

1. Bleeding
2. Epistaxis
3. Pulmonary embolism
4. Purpura

Answer 44

3. Pulmonary embolism

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a complication of heparin therapy and is caused by antibodies that bind to heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4), causing a prothombotic state. Unlike other forms of thrombocytopenia, HIT presents without bleeding; rather, venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, MI, and CVA are the causes for concern.

Question 45

The nurse practitioner recognizes that the first-line treatment of choice for ITP in children includes which of the following therapies?

1. RBC transfusion
2. Rituximab
3. Single dose of IVIG
4. Splenectomy

Answer 45

3. Single dose of IVIG

Acute cases of ITP in children generally do not require treatment and resolve spontaneously within 2 months. For children requiring treatment (platelets less than 50,000/µL), a single dose of IVIG dosed at 0.8–1g/kg or a short course of corticosteroids should be used as first-line therapy. Rituximab is used for those with refractory disease.

Question 46

A 12-year-old boy with fatigue, dyspnea, pallor, and easy bruising presents for evaluation by the nurse practitioner. Hemogram evaluation reveals pancytopenia. Which test should be utilized to confirm the suspected diagnosis?

1. ANA screen
2. Bone marrow biopsy
3. Folate level
4. Hgb electrophoresis

Answer 46

2. Bone marrow biopsy

Aplastic anemia is a serious blood disorder caused by bone marrow failure characterized by pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia. Therefore, the first tests to order when evaluating a patient for suspected aplastic anemia include a CBC with differential reticulocyte count, peripheral blood smear, and a bone marrow biopsy with cytogenic evaluation. A bone marrow biopsy typically demonstrates hypocellular marrow without abnormal cells.

Question 47

Bleeding and bruising are most likely to occur as a result of which condition?

1. Leukopenia
2. Lymphocytopenia
3. Thrombocytopenia
4. Thrombocytosis

Answer 47

3. Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of less than 150,000/µL and is often found incidentally when obtaining a CBC. Most patients with thrombocytopenia are asymptomatic. However, when platelet counts decrease to less than 50,000/µL, symptoms may include easy bruising (ecchymosis, petechiae), bleeding from mucous membranes, spontaneous epistaxis, excessive bleeding from wounds, and hematuria.

Question 48

Within which timeframe should the nurse practitioner reevaluate the hemogram of an anemic patient who has started folic acid supplementation?

1. 2 weeks
2. 4 weeks
3. 6 weeks
4. 8 weeks

Answer 48

2. 4 weeks

The most common recommended dose of folic acid replacement for adults with folic acid deficiency is 1 mg/day. In response to supplementation, reticulocytosis occurs rapidly and peaks within 7 to 10 days. Hematocrit levels usually return to normal within one month and evaluating the hemogram within this timeframe is considered standard. If levels are not rising as expected, and coexisting B12 anemia has been ruled out, the practitioner should keep in mind that iron deficiency anemia coexists in 1/3 of patients with B12 or folate deficiency.

Question 49

A 40-year-old female with iron deficiency anemia returns to the clinic for an early morning appointment after 3 months of iron supplementation to have her CBC and serum iron level drawn. Which statement by the patient may cause the nurse practitioner to reschedule the lab draw?

1. “I had a large cup of coffee this morning with breakfast.”
2. “I have been exercising for 45 minutes every evening.”
3. “I think the iron pills are causing my stomach to be upset.”
4. “I took my iron pill while I was in the waiting room.”

Answer 49

4. “I took my iron pill while I was in the waiting room.”

Serum iron levels are highest in the morning and this is an ideal time to evaluate these lab values; however, for the most accurate results, patients should be advised to fast for 8–12 hours prior to the blood draw. Serum iron levels rise earlier in the treatment process and reflect recent intake. Therefore, iron levels are impacted if the patient ingests oral iron supplements within 24–48 hours of a lab evaluation.

Question 50

A 20-year-old Asian man presents to your clinic for follow-up. He has a history of aplastic anemia and has recently received a hematopoietic cell transplantation. Upon his examination, a generalized maculopapular pruritic rash, with sparing of the scalp, is noted. Which of the following is most imperative for the nurse practitioner to rule out?

1. An allergic reaction to a newly initiated medication
2. Graft versus host disease
3. Recent exposure to school-age children
4. Worsening symptomatology of aplastic anemia

Answer 50

3. Recent exposure to school-age children

Patients who undergo hematopoietic cell transplantation have a risk for developing graft versus host disease (GVHD), and possibly graft failure, and should therefore be monitored frequently. The clinical manifestations of acute GVHD occur in the skin, GI tract, and liver, with the skin the most commonly affected organ. The characteristic rash of GVHD is pruritic, maculopapular, and scalp-sparing.