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psyc 212 - perception > chapter 12: hearing in the environment > Flashcards

chapter 12: hearing in the environment Flashcards

1
Q

in sound localization, define auditory space

A

space: sound coming from different locations in space

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of location cues

A
  • binaural
  • spectral
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3
Q

name the 3 dimensions people use to locate the position of a sound

A
  • azimuth (left-right)
  • elevation
  • distance
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4
Q

define binaural cues and name the 2 types of binaural cues

A
  • interaural level difference (ILD)
  • interaural time difference (ITD)
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5
Q

what do we mean when we say our heads are an acoustic shadow

A
  • act as barrier
  • reduces intensity of sound that reach the far ear
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6
Q

why is ILD only an effective cue for location of high-frequency sounds

A
  • objects have large effect on sound wave if larger than distance between waves (high-frequency)
  • small effect if object smaller than distance between waves (low-frequency)
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7
Q

ILD is based on … while ITD is based on …

A

difference in sound pressure level
time difference between when sound reaches left and right ear

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8
Q

why is ITD considered the dominant binaural cue for hearing

A

bc most sounds in environment contain low-frequency components, which can’t be detected by ILD

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9
Q

what is a cone of confusion

A

place of ambiguity about the elevation of a sound source illustrated by a cone

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10
Q

differentiate binaural and spectral cues

A

binaural: depends on both ears (left-right pos)
spectral: depends on one ear (diff in distribution of frequency)

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11
Q

explain how the pinnae is important in determining the elevation of a sound

A

sounds bounce around within the pinna to create diff patterns of freq for 2 locations

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12
Q

explain the experiment that allowed researchers to conclude that different sets of neurons were involved in responding to each set of spectral cues

A
  • Ps with mold that altered shape of pinnae showed poor performance in sound localization
  • after 19 days, adapted and able to localize sounds
  • when mold taken out, no readaptation period
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13
Q

what is the Jeffress model of auditory localization

A

neurons are wired to receive signals from both ears

  • coincidence detectors (ITD detectors)
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14
Q

when looking at tuning curves, why do we call it place coding for birds, but population coding for mammals

A
  • broadly tuned neurons working tgt (mammals)
  • firing of neurons at specific place in NS (birds)
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15
Q

what is the first place that receives signals from the left and right ears

A

superior olivary nucleus

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16
Q

what happens if the auditory areas are lesioned

A

inability to localize sounds

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17
Q

what is the what auditory pathway and from where does it extend

A
  • extends from anterior belt area → front of temporal lobe → frontal cortex
  • perceives complex sounds and patterns of sound
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18
Q

what is the where auditory pathway and from where does it extend

A
  • extends from posterior belt area → parietal lobe → frontal cortex
  • localizing sound
19
Q

differentiate direct and indirect sounds

A

direct: reaches your ears directly
indirect: reaches your ears after bouncing off walls, ceilings, and floor

20
Q

what is the precedence effect

A

perceiving sounds as coming from near the source that reaches our ears first

21
Q

when are lagging sounds perceived as echoes

A

when the delay between lead and lag sounds too long

22
Q

in larger rooms, are the delays shorter or longer

A

longer

23
Q

what are architectural acoustics

A

study of sounds that are reflected in rooms

24
Q

name the two major factors that affect indirect sounds

A
  • size of room
  • amount of sound absorbed by walls
25
Q

what is reverberation time

A

time it takes for sound to decrease to 1/1000th of its original pressure

26
Q

what happens to the perception of music if reverberation time is too short

A
  • music sounds “dead”
  • difficult to produce high-intensity sounds
27
Q

name the 3 physical measures associated with how music is perceived

A
  • intimacy time: time between direct sound arrival and first reflection
  • bass ratio: ratio of low to middle frequencies reflected from surfaces
  • spaciousness factor: fraction of all sounds received by listener that is indirect sound
28
Q

what technique is used to ensure the same acoustic in a concert hall when empty and full

A

seat cushions designed as having same absorption properties as “average” person

29
Q

name the 2 types of grouping when doing the auditory scene analysis

A
  • simultaneous grouping
  • sequential grouping
30
Q

what are the 4 types of information that are used to analyze auditory scenes, based on simultaneous grouping

A
  • location
  • onset synchrony
  • timbre and pitch: same timbre/pitch range = same sound
  • harmonicity: harmonic series = same sound
31
Q

what are the 3types of information that are used to analyze auditory scenes, based on sequential grouping

A
  • similarity of pitch
  • auditory continuity
  • experience
32
Q

explain what is the auditory stream segregation

A

perception of string of sounds as belonging together

33
Q

explain the experiment where it was portrayed that stream segregation also depends on rate

A
  • showed alternating high and low tones
  • slow: perceived as one stream
  • rapidly: perceptually grouped as 2 streams
34
Q

what is the scale illusion (melodic channeling)

A
  • presented different note sequences simultaneously to each ear
  • perception of smooth sequence of notes in each ear
35
Q

what is a melody schema

A

representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a person’s memory

36
Q

what are multisensory interactions

A

combinations of hearing and other senses

37
Q

define the ventriloquism effect (visual capture)

A

visual dominating hearing
- sound coming from one place appear to come from another place

38
Q

explain the two-flash illusion

A
  • 1 beep + 1 dot = 1 flash
  • 2 beeps + 1 dot = 2 flashes
39
Q

define speechreading

A

watching lip movements to understand what a person is saying

40
Q

give an example of coordinated receptive fields between sensory areas

A
  • neuron in monkey’s parietal lobe that responds to auditory and visual stimulus presented in an area below eye level and to the left
  • primary receiving area of one sense activated by another sense
41
Q

what is echolocation

A

listening to echoes that bounce off of nearby object to identify location and size of objects while walking

42
Q

why is the visual area activated in echolocators but not in control participants

A
  • echoes become spatial experiences
  • reorganization in the brain
  • visual area contains map for echolocation (similar to retinotopic map)
43
Q

which brain region showed synchronized responses from listening and reading

A

superior temporal gyrus

psyc 212 - perception (11 decks)

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