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Microbiology Final > Chapter 12 -- Drugs, Microbes, Host - The Elements of Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chapter 12 -- Drugs, Microbes, Host - The Elements of Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotherapy

A

treating conditions with chemicals

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2
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemical substances produced by living organisms that have antimicrobial activity usually molds, yeasts and bacteria

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3
Q

Synthetic drugs

A

made in lab

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4
Q

Semisynthetic drugs

A

made naturally but altered in lab

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5
Q

Streptomyces sp.

A

produces most; best sources for ATB

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6
Q

Broad spectrum

A

kills normal biota, GI issues, yeast infections

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7
Q

Narrow

A

limited spectrum of activity

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8
Q

Genetic changes

A

mutations followed by natural selection = chromosomal resistance

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9
Q

Transfer of R plasmids

A

R= resistance; transformation, conjugation; transduction = extrachromosomal resistance

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10
Q

Non genetic resistance

A

microbes persist in the tissues “out of reach” of antimicrobial agents; multiply; release progeny which is still susceptible to agent – not really resistant but just never touched by ATB

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11
Q

Prophylaxis

A

drugs are administered to PREVENT infection in susceptible people

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12
Q

Combined therapy

A

two or more drugs are given simultaneously, either to prevent the emergence of resistant species or to acheive synergism

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13
Q

Synergism

A

combining drugs; you can use 1/10 concentration when used together – ex. TMP-SMZ

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14
Q

Antagonism

A

medications that work against each other – ex. tetracycline and PCN

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15
Q

Penicillin

A

acts on cell wall – beta-lactam ring; narrow spectrum – PCN G (gram +) requires injection; PCN V (gram +) PO

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16
Q

penicillinase

A

beta-lactamase; causes development of bacterial resistance to drugs

17
Q

Cephalosporins

A

works on cell wall – broader spectrum that PCN - Cephalothin requires injection; has beta-lactam ring –

18
Q

Vancomycin

A

cell wall; used life threatening, methicillin resistant Staph infections

19
Q

Isoniazid

A

very narrow spectrum; inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid in cell wall of Mycobacterium

20
Q

Bacitracin

A

cell membrane; Gram + only – toxic to liver; topical

21
Q

Polymyxin

A

cell membrane; Gram - ; topical only

22
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Affects nucleic acid; levaquin - destroys normal flora - ruins ligament; diarrhea, C. diff, yeast infections

23
Q

Rifampin

A

affects nucleic acid; turns body fluids orange; inhibits synthesis on mRNA; used to treat Tb & leprosy

24
Q

Chloroquine

A

affects nucleic acid - treatment in malaria

25
Q

Capsofungin

A

anti-chitin drugs; inhibits fungal cell wall; echinocandins

26
Q

Ketoconazole

A

one of the first available oral treatments for systemic fungal infections - toxic to liver; best absorbed at high acidic level, so antacids cause decrease stomach acid levels and lowers drugs absorption – S/E of med: decrease testosterone and helps treatment post operative erections after penile surgery

27
Q

Metronidazole

A

Flagyl; antiparasitic drugs – also used for anaerobic bacteria

28
Q

Antihelminthic drugs

A

most effective drugs immobilize, disintegrate or inhibit metabolism of all stages of life cycle

29
Q

Niclosamide

A

drug of choice for tapeworms – destoys scolex and adjoining proglottids of tapeworms

30
Q

Mebendazole

A

drug of choice of round worms; broad spectrum; work locally in intestines to inhibit microtubule or worms, eggs and larvae

31
Q

Antiviral drugs

A

most antiviral drugs have limited spectrum of activity, designed to block a step in viral multiplication

32
Q

HIV drugs

A

interfere with action of reverse transcriptase enzyme

33
Q

Broth dilution tests

A

bacteria in tubes; ATB added in different concentration – look at 1st tube without growth – take material from MIC tubes and try to grow again – if no growth then its MDC; not MIC

Microbiology Final (2 decks)

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