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Microbiology Final > Chapter 11 -- Physical & Chemical Agents for Microbial Control > Flashcards

Chapter 11 -- Physical & Chemical Agents for Microbial Control Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Simmelweis

A

Reduced childbirth fever - washing hands in chlorinated lime

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2
Q

Lister

A

aseptic technique in surgery - phenol to clean

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3
Q

Pasteur

A

aseptic technique in lab

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4
Q

Sterilization

A

removing ALL living organisms, or organisms that can become living (endospores), from a surface – sterile is ABSOLUTE

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5
Q

Disinfectant

A

destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects

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6
Q

Antiseptic

A

chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

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7
Q

Decontamination

A

destruction, removal, reduction in number of undesirable microbes – only gets rid of some bacteria

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8
Q

Degermination

A

cleansing technique that removes microbes and debris from living tissue – washing hands, showering

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9
Q

Sanitization

A

cleansing technique that removes microbes and debris from inanimate objects – relies on a standard set by government (health department)

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10
Q

Sepsis

A

contamination

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11
Q

Asepsis

A

without contamination

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12
Q

Heat

A

preferred agent of sterilization for all materials not damaged by it

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13
Q

Thermal Death Point (TDP)

A

lowest temperature at which all microbes in suspension killed in 10 minutes

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14
Q

Thermal Death Time (TDT)

A

minimum time required to kill all microbes in liquid at GIVEN temperature

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15
Q

Decimal Reduction Time (DRT, D value)

A

time required to kill 90% of microbes population at a given temperature – D50=1min, where 50 stands for degree of temp

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16
Q

MOIST heat

A

Mode of Action: denaturation of proteins, Time to Act: penetrates quickly – happens quickly (hydrolysis) – i.e. boiling, autoclave, pasteurization

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17
Q

Boiling

A

100 degrees Celsius, 212 degrees Fahrenheit – Destroys most vegetative cells of bacteria and fungi (30 minutes) ; inactivates some viruses

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18
Q

Autoclave

A

Pressure: 15 psi; Temperature: 121 degrees Celsius; Time: 15 to 20 minutes; Effectiveness: all vegetative organisms, endospores, disrupts nucleic acid structure of viruses – Limitations: penetration required, materials need to be heat resistant, prions require 134 degrees Celcius and 30 psi

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19
Q

Pasteurization

A

process that kills most pathogens and lowers bacteria count that food won’t spoil rapidly at refrigerator temps – Equivalent Methods: Flash Methods – 72 degrees Celsius, 15 seconds, continuous ; Holding Method: 63 degrees Celsius, 30 minutes, classic method, batch method

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20
Q

UHT

A

Ultra High Temp Processing – 74 degrees Celsius —> 134 degrees Celsius —> 74 degrees Celsius all in less than 5 seconds

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21
Q

Dry Heat

A

Mode of Action: oxidation; Time to Act: penetrates slowly – i.e. flaming, incineration and hot air oven

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22
Q

Direct Flaming

A

bunsen burner flame up to 1800 degrees Celsius

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23
Q

Incineration

A

infrared incinerators (up to 800 degrees Celsius); furnace (up to 6500 degrees Celsius)

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24
Q

Hot Air Oven

A

170 degrees Celsius x 2 hours (150 - 180 degrees Celsius for 2-4 hours)

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25
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A

UV rays, non penetrating; Mode of Action: damages DNA by causing formation of bonds between adjacent pyrimidine bases (usually T dimers) – 1-380 nm; below 260 nm best; sunlight > 295nm -380nm

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26
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Gamma rays; less than 1nm – penetrating – mode of action: dislodge electrons from atoms, create ions

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27
Q

Refrigeration

A

‘static

28
Q

Freezing

A

‘static – flash freezing doesn’t create as many crystals in cells so it tastes better

29
Q

Desiccation

A

dehydrator (drying out) and osmotic pressure (plasmolysis)

30
Q

Filtration

A

seperation of organisms from liquid or air, can be reliable sterilization if done well – AIR: HEPA filters (removes >0.3um); LIQUID: pore size is critical (0.01um for sterility)

31
Q

Lyophilization

A

freeze-drying; culture preservation method

32
Q

Phenol coefficient

A

former standard for evaluating effectiveness of chemical agents

33
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

positive sensitivity test; clear area without growth around disc

34
Q

USE DILUTION TEST

A

currents standard, the chemical that kills at lowest dilution is considered most effective

35
Q

(MIC) Minimum inhibitory concentration

A

is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit growth after overnight incubation

36
Q

Chlorohexidene

A

an alternative to hexachlorophene that is not absorbed by skin and just as effective; contains chlorine & 2 phenolic rings

37
Q

Triclosan

A

in antimicrobial soap

38
Q

Alcohol

A

colorless hydrocarbons with one or more -OH groups; MODE: protein denaturation, ‘cidal, fast acting, evaporates, no residue; coagulates protein layer – concentration: 60-95%; optimum 70%

39
Q

Aldehydes

A

organic substances with -CHO on the terminal carbon; MODE: protein denaturation

40
Q

glutaraldehyde

A

rapid, broad spectrum; sterilizing agent; kills endospores in 3 hours; 2% solution CIDEX is sporicidal in 3-10 hours

41
Q

Heavy metals

A

denature proteins by binding to functional groups of protein & inactivating them – very toxic to humans – biologicals fluids neutralize their actions

42
Q

Oligodynamic action

A

property of having antimicrobial effects in exceedingly small amounts

43
Q

Biocides

A

kills living cells

44
Q

Ethylene Oxide

A

MODE: reacts vigorously with functional groups of proteins and DNA – sterilize in closed chambers without heat; sporicidal if used correctly - slow acting (90min-3 hours) mattresses (14 hours); explosive & carcinogenic

45
Q

Phenolics

A

phenol derivatives; disrupts membrances – consists of one or more aromatic carbon rings with added functional groups

46
Q

Cresol

A

Lysol - an alkylated phenol

47
Q

Formaldehyde

A

sharp, irritating gas, readily dissolves in water; 37% aqueous solution = formalin; carcinogen

48
Q

Ortho-phthalaldehyde

A

stable, non irritating, similar action to glutaraldehyde but faster acting; disadvantage: inability to reliably destroy endospores & stains proteins on human skin

49
Q

Halogens

A

nonmetallic elments that share similar chemical properties; MODE: oxidizing agent in ABSENSE of organic matter – microbe death occurs in 30 minutes, endospores require several hours, photosensitive

50
Q

Chlorine

A

halogen; compounds combine with water to form strong oxidizing agent

51
Q

Iodine

A

halogen; MODE: inhibits protein function; oxidation

52
Q

Surfactants

A

MODE: decrease surface tension among molecules of a liquid; dissolve lipids; disrupts membrane, denature proteins

53
Q

Soaps & detergents

A

sufactants; mechanical removal

54
Q

Anionic detergents

A

surfactants; sanitizers (dairy, food)

55
Q

Cationic detergents

A

surfactants; more effective die to amphipathic nature

56
Q

QUATS

A

antiseptic for mouth, skin or rubber – effective reduced in presense of organic matter; require alkaline pH, doesn’t work on Tb, Hepatitis, endospores. Pseudomonas actively grows in QUATS

57
Q

O-Zone

A

peroxygens; 03; has killing power but not long lasting

58
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxygens; colorless, caustic liquid that decomposes in present of light, metals or catalase – ineffective on opens wounds; sporicidal at high temps

59
Q

Catalase

A

enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide immediatly

60
Q

Peracetic acid

A

most effective liquid chemical sterilizer; effective in 5-30 minutes - no toxic residue

61
Q

Dyes

A

used in staining procedures and in selective and differential media; MODE: interfere with replication, block cell wall synthesis

62
Q

Aniline dyes

A

crystal violet and malachite green – effective against gram positive bacteria and various fungi - used in solutions and ointments to treat skin infection

63
Q

Acridine

A

antisepsis and wound treatment in medical and veterinary clinics

64
Q

Carbol fuchsin

A

a phenolic

65
Q

Plant Oils

A

THYMOL: thyme – presevative; EUGENOL: cloves – disinfect cavities

Microbiology Final (2 decks)

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