Chapter 12 Drugs And Chemical Classes Flashcards
When using a drug for a condition is not advisable because of potential adverse actions.
Contraindications
The appropriate use of a drug when treating a disease or condition.
Indication
The amount of medication that can be given for the average person for the specified condition.
Dosage
What types of interventions should be completed for a drug overdose patient on scene according to the book.
12 lead ECG. Pulse oximetry and capnography.
A tube placed into the stomach and saline circulated in order to suction out the contents is called a _______. And how long after ingestion if the substance should this procedure be done.
Gastric lavage. 1 hour after ingestion
What medication is used to soak up stomach contents and inhibit the absorption mechanism in the body.
Activated charcoal.
A state in which pain is controlled or not perceived.
Analgesia
Pain should be assessed by taking a thorough _______. Remember PQRST
History
Does acetaminophen (Tylenol) have any anti pyretic or anti inflammatory properties.
No
One of the more common overdoses involves what over the counter drug.
Acetaminophen
ASA (aspirin) is mainly used today for the prevention of
Prevention of clot formation due to heart disease and clot formation disorders.
ASA is the primary treatment for what major ailment.
Chest pain.
ASA reduces rates of ________ and _________ with Pts with chest pain.
Mortality and morbitity
A risk of liver disease exists with what major over the counter analgesic.
Acetaminophen
For ASA. What are the toxicity levels and what are the fatal doses.
Toxic 200 to 500 mg/ kg
Fatal above 500 mg/kg
What major physiological effect does toxic levels of ASA produce.
Hyperpnea. High RR
NSAID stands for
Non Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
NSAIDs are used to treat what
Treat acute or chronic inflammatory reactions
Which substance plays a major part in the inflammatory process and is the major substance that NSAIDs counter act.
Prostaglandins
The Most common NSAIDs are. (2)
Ibuprofen and naproxen sodium.
Toxic levels of NSAIDs may cause what rare and wierd side effect.
Nystagmus (rapid eye movement)
What organ does toxic overdose levels of NSAIDs effect the most
Kidneys
Agonists cause what
Physiological response
Which is the most common opioid analgesic used today.
Morphine
What other major opioid analgesics do we use and see often.
Fentanyl Methadone Meperidine
Is fentanyl a true opioid analgesic.
No. It’s a narcotic analgesic but is synthetic meaning that it’s roots do not come from the poppy. (Opium)
Partial agonists are also called
Agonist-antagonist drugs
Propoxyphene plus APAP Acetaminophen equals what opioid analgesic combo drug
Darvocet
Hydrocodone plus APAP Acetaminophen equals what opioid analgesic combo drug
Vicodin
Oxycodone plus APAP Acetaminophen equals what opioid analgesic combo drug
Percocet, Tylox
Codeine plus APAP Acetaminophen equals what opioid analgesic combo drug
Tylenol 3
What drug class blocks the effects of opioid analgesics.
Opioid antagonists
Name a major opioid antagonist that we deal with every day.
Naloxone/Narcan
Anesthetics effect what major system in the body. Think about it.
The CNS. Can’t feel
Three types of Anesthetics. (How they work).
General, regional, and local.
How do Anesthetics work simply.
They blunt the CNS to the perception of pain
General anesthesia is given by two routes.
Inhalation or IV
Regional anesthesia is given by injecting anesthesia near a
Nerve
When regional anesthesia is used on fingers or ties this is called a
Digit block
What level of anesthesia/Sedation. Used for anxiety reduction and coordination may be impaired with ventilators and cardiovascular functions intact. Respond to verbal commands.
Minimal level
What level of anesthesia/Sedation. Minimally depressed LOC. Spontaneous ventilations present. Can respond to verbal commands. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained. KNOWN AS CONSCIOUS SEDATION.
Moderate level.
What level of anesthesia/Sedation. Drug induced level of unconsciousness. Cardiovascular function is impaired. PPV may be needed. Must maintain airway.
General anesthesia.
During the fist stage of anesthesia what is the last sense to be lost.
Hearing
What stage of general anesthesia. Administration of anesthesia until loss of consciousness.
Analgesia
What stage of general anesthesia. Loss of consciousness to beginning of surgical anesthesia. Pt may laugh swear sing struggle.
Excitement level.
What are the first two levels of general anesthesia referred to.
The “Induction”
What stage of general anesthesia. Lasts until spontaneous breathing stops. How many planes are in this level to help anesthesiologist know what level of general anesthesia the pt is in.
Surgical anesthesia. 4 planes are always analyzed.
What are the 4 different planes or physical reflexes during surgical level general anesthesia that the anesthesiologist always keeps an eye on In order to see what level of anesthesia they are in.
Pupil size. Eyeball movement. Character of respirations. BP
Plane four of the surgical anesthetic stage of general anesthesia consists of what physical reflexes.
Pupils dilated. Eyeball movement absent. Absent chest wall breathing with Depressed diaphragmatic breathing. Decreased BP.
What stage of general anesthesia. Cessation of breathing and circulator collapse.
Medullary depression/paralysis. (Toxic stage).
This stage of General Anesthesia is avoided due the fact that it deactivates the centers in medulla that control breathing.
Stage four. Medullary depression/paralysis (toxic stage).
Is cocaine a local topical anesthetic.
Yes
These drugs often provide an analgesic effect when given alone. The effect is less than that of a full agonist though.
Agonist-antagonist.
The use if Anesthetics in the field may be encountered during which aggressive field interventions. (3)
Rapid sequence intubation
Conscious sedation
Anxiolysis
Which two drugs are used for sedation in the field.
Etomidate (Amidate)
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Which drug is used in trauma situations and is less likely to cause hypotension compared with other opioids.
Fentanyl
A short acting drug that works in the brain to produce anesthesia.
Etomidate (Amidate)
A bacterial disease that can be transmitted through cuts and puncture wounds.
Tetanus
The best treatment for Tetanus is
Prevention
The immunization is a tetanus/diphtheria combo recommended as a booster every _____ years.
10 years
In the ER your tetanus/diphtheria booster should be every ___ years.
5 years
A common local anesthetic.
Lidocaine
Lock jaw is a common symptom of what bacterial disease
Tetanus
An infant, someone with sickle cell disease, or someone who has lost their spleen in an accident all should receive this type if immunization. What type of immunization is this?
Haemophilus influenza type B immunization
Bacterial
Which vaccine has helped reduced meningitis in small children. What type of vaccine is this.
Streptococcal pneumoniea vaccine
Bacterial.
Viral immunization so protect against what viruses.
Hep A, Hep B, flu, rubella, chicken pox, measles, mumps, Rabies
Preformed antibodies to a specific virus or bacteria that may be derived form animals or humans or produced synthetically.
Immunoglobulins
A chemical that counteracts a poison
Antidote
Medications designed to treat infection are called
Antimicrobials
Medications designed to treat bacterial infections are called
Antibiotics.
Antibiotics are used for both ___________and ___________.
Locally and systematically
Antibiotics that inhibit growth and replication are called
Bacteriostatic
Antibiotics that attack and kill existing bacteria are called
Bactericidal
The first family of antibiotics is called
Penicillin
Which suffix will identify most pencillins.
Names ending with -illin.
What drugs can kill both gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as defeat this that penicillin cannot.
Cephalosporins
The antibiotics have large chemical compounds and are quite effective against community acquired pneumonia.
Macrolides
A antibiotic widely used to respiratory and skin infections like acne.
Tetracyclines
Antibiotic therapy is one of the most common causes of what type of fungal infection.
Yeast infection due the fact that the antibiotics interfere with the balance of the fungus naturally occurring in the body.
What is tines pedis
Athletes foot. Foot fungus
What suffix is commonly used on anti fungal medications.
Names ending in -zole.
Which agent do not have the ability to replicate or reproduce without a host.
Viruses
What medications is commonly used to treat Thrush in humans
Nystatin
A medication that can greatly limit the ill effects of influenza if given within the first 48 hours of contamination.
Amantadine
Two very popular drugs used to treat the HIV Virus.
Zidovudine (AZT) and Lamivudine (Epivir)
A common suffix for anti viral drugs is
-vir
A potentially deadly disease mostly from tropical and subtropical regions that comes from a single cell parasite and spread through Mosquitos is
Malaria
What are some common S/S of malaria.
Attacks of chills and fever
A common drug that treats Malaria is
Quinine sulfate
What disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TB
One dangerous aspect of TB is that a person can
Have it for years and not show any S/S at all and spread the disease throughout their community.
One major sign of TB infection is
Enlarged Lymph Nodes.
A single called organism is called a
Amoeba
The one and only Ameoba that can cause disease is called
Entamoeba histolytica which cause amoebiasis
Wierd bacterial infections and amoeba infections are very rare but when they appear can be dangerous. What little know medication can be used against them.
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
A worm classified as a parasite that lives in human beings is called a
Helminth
A treatment for leparsy is called
Dapsone
Agents designed to fight cancer are called (2)
Antineoplastic or chemotherapeutic agents
Most essential vitamins and minerals are obtained by doing what
Eating a well balanced diet
Vitamin and mineral substitutes have gained popularity in dieting and weight training therapy . What other therapy also takes these
Cancer therapy
What are the fat solvable vitamins. (4)
A, D, E, K
What vitamins are water soluble
C and B
What vitamin will interfere with Coumadin (Warfarin). This is a anticoagulant drug.
Vitamin K.
What vitamin acts as a vasodilator.
B3
Two main crystalloids in prehospital care are
Normal saline and Ringers lactate
Benzodiazapines when they are taken in excess produces what type of dangerous physiological effect.
Respiratory depression.
Benzodiazepines are believed to act on the portion of the brain that affects_________.
Emotion.
Benzodiazepines have a high therapeutic index that means what.
They are relatively safe.
Benzodiazepines are commonly used for four reasons today. Name
Treat anxiety, muscle spasms, and convulsions and provide sedation.
Benzodiazepines are what schedule of contolled substances
Schedule IV
Commonly used Benzodiazepines are listed name a few
Alprazolam (Xanax) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Diazepam (Valium) Midazolam (Versed) Lorezapam (Ativan)
A common benzo antidote or receptor antagonist.
Flumazenil (Romazicon).
What drug may induce seizures that have been taking benzos for a long period of time.
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
Benzodiazepines are replacing what drugs.
Barbiturates.
Antidepressants are mainly used for 2 mental disorders
Depression and bipolar disorder
Depression and bi polar disorder are considered what type of disorder
Mood disorders
SSRIs stands for what type of psych drugs
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
SSRIs block what the Reuptake of what endorphin at the nerve synapse
Serotonin
The highest serotonin concentrations in the body are found where
The mucosa if the GI tract
Tricyclics antidepressants work by blocking the Reuptake of what 2 neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine and serotonin
Are tricyclic antidepressants life threatening in overdose Y/N
Yes
Signs of poisoning may produce three major toxic syndromes. Name
- Anticholenergic
- Cardiovascular
- Seizure
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin all have one distinct organic compound in common.
Monoamines
Monoamines are believed to promote a ______ mood
Stable
Tyramine is known to make what rise in high concentrations
BP
Excessive elation, talkativeness, flight of ideas, motor activity, arritability, accelerated speech, and delusions of grandeur are all signs of type of psych disorder
Mania
What common drug is used to treat mania and bi-polar disorder.
Lithium
Taking Lithium results in what decreasing in the cells of the body
Na+
What drug is a challenge in overdose due to the fact that activated charcoal will not bind to it.
Lithium
Psychosis is usually associated with what major psych disorder
Schizophrenia
Antipsychotic drugs center on the ________ receptors where they block Reuptake in order to allow it to stay in the synapse longer.
Dopamine
What disorder is the most common cause of seizures.
Epilepsy
What is Tardive dyskinesia
Involuntary repetitive body movement
Hydra toxins are effective drugs against
Seizures and convulsions
