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Exam 4 A&P I > Chapter 12 a > Flashcards

Chapter 12 a Flashcards

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1
Q

cephalization

A

evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS

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2
Q

what increases the number of neurons in head and gives the highest level reached in the human brain?

A

cephalization

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3
Q

what are the 3 primary vesicles?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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4
Q

what are the 5 secondary brain vesicles:
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

A

forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon
midbrain: undivided
hindbrain: mesencephalon and myelencephalon

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5
Q

what is the central cavity surrounded by gray matter and has external white matter?

A

spinal cord

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6
Q

what is external white matter is composed of?

A

myelinated fiber tracts

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7
Q

the ventricles of the brain are filled with what?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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8
Q

what is the purpose of CSF?

A

buoyancy
cushioning
waste removal
neurotransmitter and hormone diffusion

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9
Q

the ventricles of the brain are lined by what?

A

ependymal cells

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10
Q

lateral ventricle > ___(1)___ ventricle via ___(2)____

A

(1) 3rd

(2) interventricular foramen

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11
Q

3rd ventricle > ___(1)___ via ___(2)____

A

(1) 4th

(2) cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

paired, C-shaped ______ ______ in cerebral hemispheres.

A

lateral ventricles

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13
Q

lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres separated anteriorly by ______ _______.

A

septum pellucidum

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14
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle found?

A

diencephalon

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15
Q

where is the 4th ventricle found?

A

hindbrain

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16
Q

3 openings in the 4th ventricle

A
  1. lateral apertures in side walls
  2. median aperture in roof
  3. connect ventricles to subarachnoid space
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17
Q

surface markings: gyri

A

ridges

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18
Q

surface markings: sulci

A

shallow grooves

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19
Q

surface markings: deep grooves

A

fissures

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20
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates 2 hemispheres

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21
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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22
Q

5 lobes

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital 
insula
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23
Q

what separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and post central gyrus of parietal lobes/

A

central sulcus

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24
Q

what separates occipital and parietal lobes?

A

parieto-occipital lobes

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25
Q

what outlines temporal lobes?

A

lateral sulcus

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26
Q

what are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres?

A 
cerebral cortex (outer)
white matter (internal)
basal nuclei (deep)
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27
Q

cerebral cortex

A

superficial layer of gray matter

40% mass of brain

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28
Q

what part of the brain is the site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding?

A

cerebral cortex

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29
Q

motor areas

A

control voluntary movement

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30
Q

sensory areas

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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31
Q

association areas

A

integrate diverse information

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32
Q

each hemisphere is concerned with ______ side of body.

A

contralateral

33
Q

frontal lobe

A

control voluntary movement

34
Q

what cells do primary motor cortex have?

A

large pyramidal cells of precentral gyri

35
Q

long axons > ______ ______ of spinal cord.

A

pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

36
Q

what allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements?

A

primary motor cortex

37
Q

motor homunculi upside-down caricatures represent what

A

contralateral motor innervations of body regions

38
Q

what helps plan movements and is a staging area for skilled motor activities?

A

premotor cortex

39
Q

what controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills?

A

premotor cortex

40
Q

what does premotor cortex coordinate?

A

simultaneous or sequential actions

41
Q

premotor cortex controls voluntary actions that depend on ______ ______

A

sensory feedback

42
Q

Broca’s area is present in ______ ______

A

one hemisphere (usually left)

43
Q

what is active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities?

A

broca’s area

44
Q

what controls voluntary eye movements?

A

frontal eye field

45
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

in postcentral gyri of parietal lobe

46
Q

what receives general sensory information from skin and proprioreceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

47
Q

what is capable of spatial discrimination?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

48
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identification of body region being stimulated

49
Q

somatosensory homunculus upside-down caricatures represent what?

A

contralateral sensory input from body regions

50
Q

what integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object?

A

somatosensory association cortex

51
Q

what determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt?

A

somatosensory association cortex

52
Q

what receives visual info from retinas?

A

primary visual (striate) cortex

53
Q

what is buried in calcimine sulcus of occipital lobe?

A

primary visual (striate) cortex

54
Q

primary visual (striate) cortex is found on the extreme posterior tip of ______ ______.

A

occipital lobe

55
Q

what surrounds the primary visual cortex?

A

visual association area

56
Q

what uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (recognizing faces)?

A

visual association area

57
Q

what does complex processing involve?

A

entire posterior half of cerebral hemispheres

58
Q

what interprets info from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location?

A

primary auditory cortex

59
Q

what stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus?

A

auditory association area

60
Q

what is responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)?

A

vestibular cortex

61
Q

what is the region of conscious awareness of odors called?

A

primary olfactory (smell) cortex

62
Q

what is part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts?

A

primary olfactory (smell) cortex

63
Q

what is involved in perception of taste?

A

gustatory cortex

64
Q

where is the gustatory cortex?

A

in insula, deep in temporal lobe

65
Q

conscious perception of visceral sensations (e.g. upset stomach or full bladder) is called what?

A

visceral sensory area

66
Q

what receives inputs from multiple sensory areas?

A

multimodal association areas

67
Q

multimodal association areas sends outputs to where?

A

multiple areas, including premotor cortex

68
Q

multimodal association areas allow what?

A

meaning to info
memory storage
decisions

69
Q

what allows sensations, thoughts, emotions- makes us who we are?

A

multimodal association areas

70
Q

3 broad parts of multimodal association areas

A

anterior, posterior, limbic

71
Q

what is the most complicated cortical region and involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

A

anterior association area

72
Q

what contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning?

A

anterior association area

73
Q

anterior association area development depends on what?

A

feedback from social environment

74
Q

what is the large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes?

A

posterior association area

75
Q

what plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space?

A

posterior association area

76
Q

what is involved in understanding written and spoken language?

A

posterior association area

77
Q

spoken language

A

wernicke’s area

78
Q

what is part of limbic system and involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus?

A

limbic association area

79
Q

what provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories?

A

limbic association area

Exam 4 A&P I (2 decks)

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