Chapter 12 a Flashcards
cephalization
evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS
what increases the number of neurons in head and gives the highest level reached in the human brain?
cephalization
what are the 3 primary vesicles?
prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
what are the 5 secondary brain vesicles:
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon
midbrain: undivided
hindbrain: mesencephalon and myelencephalon
what is the central cavity surrounded by gray matter and has external white matter?
spinal cord
what is external white matter is composed of?
myelinated fiber tracts
the ventricles of the brain are filled with what?
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
what is the purpose of CSF?
buoyancy
cushioning
waste removal
neurotransmitter and hormone diffusion
the ventricles of the brain are lined by what?
ependymal cells
lateral ventricle > ___(1)___ ventricle via ___(2)____
(1) 3rd
(2) interventricular foramen
3rd ventricle > ___(1)___ via ___(2)____
(1) 4th
(2) cerebral aqueduct
paired, C-shaped ______ ______ in cerebral hemispheres.
lateral ventricles
lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres separated anteriorly by ______ _______.
septum pellucidum
where is the 3rd ventricle found?
diencephalon
where is the 4th ventricle found?
hindbrain
3 openings in the 4th ventricle
- lateral apertures in side walls
- median aperture in roof
- connect ventricles to subarachnoid space
surface markings: gyri
ridges
surface markings: sulci
shallow grooves
surface markings: deep grooves
fissures
longitudinal fissure
separates 2 hemispheres
transverse cerebral fissure
separates cerebrum and cerebellum
5 lobes
frontal parietal temporal occipital insula
what separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and post central gyrus of parietal lobes/
central sulcus
what separates occipital and parietal lobes?
parieto-occipital lobes
what outlines temporal lobes?
lateral sulcus
what are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres?
cerebral cortex (outer) white matter (internal) basal nuclei (deep)
cerebral cortex
superficial layer of gray matter
40% mass of brain
what part of the brain is the site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding?
cerebral cortex
motor areas
control voluntary movement
sensory areas
conscious awareness of sensation
association areas
integrate diverse information
each hemisphere is concerned with ______ side of body.
contralateral
frontal lobe
control voluntary movement
what cells do primary motor cortex have?
large pyramidal cells of precentral gyri
long axons > ______ ______ of spinal cord.
pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
what allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements?
primary motor cortex
motor homunculi upside-down caricatures represent what
contralateral motor innervations of body regions
what helps plan movements and is a staging area for skilled motor activities?
premotor cortex
what controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills?
premotor cortex
what does premotor cortex coordinate?
simultaneous or sequential actions
premotor cortex controls voluntary actions that depend on ______ ______
sensory feedback
Broca’s area is present in ______ ______
one hemisphere (usually left)
what is active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities?
broca’s area
what controls voluntary eye movements?
frontal eye field
where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
in postcentral gyri of parietal lobe
what receives general sensory information from skin and proprioreceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons?
primary somatosensory cortex
what is capable of spatial discrimination?
primary somatosensory cortex
spatial discrimination
identification of body region being stimulated
somatosensory homunculus upside-down caricatures represent what?
contralateral sensory input from body regions
what integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object?
somatosensory association cortex
what determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt?
somatosensory association cortex
what receives visual info from retinas?
primary visual (striate) cortex
what is buried in calcimine sulcus of occipital lobe?
primary visual (striate) cortex
primary visual (striate) cortex is found on the extreme posterior tip of ______ ______.
occipital lobe
what surrounds the primary visual cortex?
visual association area
what uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (recognizing faces)?
visual association area
what does complex processing involve?
entire posterior half of cerebral hemispheres
what interprets info from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location?
primary auditory cortex
what stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus?
auditory association area
what is responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)?
vestibular cortex
what is the region of conscious awareness of odors called?
primary olfactory (smell) cortex
what is part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts?
primary olfactory (smell) cortex
what is involved in perception of taste?
gustatory cortex
where is the gustatory cortex?
in insula, deep in temporal lobe
conscious perception of visceral sensations (e.g. upset stomach or full bladder) is called what?
visceral sensory area
what receives inputs from multiple sensory areas?
multimodal association areas
multimodal association areas sends outputs to where?
multiple areas, including premotor cortex
multimodal association areas allow what?
meaning to info
memory storage
decisions
what allows sensations, thoughts, emotions- makes us who we are?
multimodal association areas
3 broad parts of multimodal association areas
anterior, posterior, limbic
what is the most complicated cortical region and involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
anterior association area
what contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning?
anterior association area
anterior association area development depends on what?
feedback from social environment
what is the large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes?
posterior association area
what plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space?
posterior association area
what is involved in understanding written and spoken language?
posterior association area
spoken language
wernicke’s area
what is part of limbic system and involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus?
limbic association area
what provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories?
limbic association area
