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Exam 4 A&P I > Chapter 11c > Flashcards

Chapter 11c Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of postsynaptic potentials?

A

EPSP- excitatory postsynaptic potentials

IPSP- inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

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2
Q

what allows chemically gated channels to open and the flow of Na+ and K+ in opposite directions?

A

neurotransmitter binding

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3
Q

___(1)___ influx is greater than ___(2)___ efflux

A

(1) Na+

(2) K+

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4
Q

net depolarization from Na+ influx and K+ efflux is called what?

A

EPSP

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5
Q

EPSP helps trigger action potential only if what happens?

A

if EPSP is of threshold strength

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6
Q

once EPSP is of threshold strength, what happens?

A

spreads to axon hillock
trigger opening of voltage-gated channels
AP generated

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7
Q

which postsynaptic potential causes a local depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, which brings neuron closer to AP threshold?

A

EPSP

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8
Q

which postsynaptic potential hyperpolarizes and makes it more difficult for action potential to generate?

A

IPSP

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9
Q

IPSP makes the membrane more permeable to which ions?

A

K+ and Cl-

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10
Q

EPSPs can ______ to influence postsynaptic neuron.

A

summate

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11
Q

which postsynaptic potentials can summate?

A

both EPSPs and IPSPs

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12
Q

one or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid fire order is called what?

A

temporal summation

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13
Q

postsynaptic neuron stimulated simultaneously by large number of terminals at the same time is called what?

A

spatial summation

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14
Q

when IPSP summates with EPSPs they ______ ______.

A

cancel out

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15
Q

repeated use of synapse increases the ability of the presynaptic cell to what?

A

excite postsynaptic neuron

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16
Q

when postsynaptic neuron is excited, the Ca2+ concentration does what?

A

increases in presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron

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17
Q

what type of stimulation partially depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?

A

brief high-frequency stimulation

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18
Q

which channels (receptors) allow Ca2+ entry?

A

chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors)

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19
Q

what promotes more effective responses to subsequent stimuli?

A

kinase enzymes activated by Ca2+

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20
Q

a lot of AP causes what?

A

large graded potential that goes above threshold

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21
Q

the postsynaptic neuron decides what?

A

if threshold is reached for AP

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22
Q

what triggers muscle contractions and turns on genes that strengthen synapse?

A

Ca2+

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23
Q

when excitatory neurotransmitter is released by 1 neuron but inhibited by another via axoaxonic synapse is called what?

A

integration (presynaptic inhibition)

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24
Q

less neurotransmitter is release during what?

A

integration

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25
Q

integration forms smaller ______.

A

EPSPs

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26
Q

what is the language of the nervous system?

A

neurotransmitters

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27
Q

most neurons make what? exert what?

A

make: 2 or more neurotransmitters
exert: several influences

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28
Q

what is usually release at different stimulation frequencies?

A

neurons

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29
Q

neurons are classified by ______ ______ and by ______.

A

chemical structure and function

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30
Q

which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions, some ANS neurons, and some CNS neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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31
Q

which neurotransmitter is synthesized from acetate and choline by enzyme choline acetyltransferase?

A

acetylcholine

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32
Q

acetylcholine is degraded by which enzyme?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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33
Q

what are the 2 biogenic amines?

A

catecholamines and indolamines

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34
Q

which biogenic amine is this?

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
synthesized from amino acid tyrosine

A

catecholamines

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35
Q

which biogenic amine is this?

serotonin and histamine
synthesized from tryptophan and histidine

A

indolamine

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36
Q

dopamine

A

controls mood

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37
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

autonomic, sympathetic response

fight or flight

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38
Q

histamine

A

inflammation

39
Q

serotonin is synthesized from which amino acid?

histamine is synthesized from which amino acid?

A

serotonin: tryptophan
histamine: histidine

40
Q

amino acids involved as neurotransmitters

A

glutamate
aspartate
glycine
GABA

41
Q

what are the 3 neuropeptides?

A

substance P
endorphins
gut-brain peptides

42
Q

substance P

A

mediator of pain signals

43
Q

endorphins

A

reduce pain perception

natural opiates

44
Q

gut-brain peptides

A

stimulate release of enzyme and bile

digestion

45
Q

purines involved as neurotransmitters

A

ATP and adenosine

46
Q

what is a potent inhibitor in the brain?

A

adenosine

47
Q

purines are usually ______.

A

inhibitory

48
Q

caffeine blocks which receptors?

A

adenosine receptors

49
Q

what acts both in the CNS and PNS and can produce fast or slow responses?

A

purines

50
Q

purines induce Ca2+ influx in ______.

A

astrocytes

51
Q

what are some gasotransmitters (gases and lipids)?

A 
nitric oxide (NO)
carbon monoxide (CO)
hydrogen sulfide gases (H2S)
52
Q

what do gasotransmitters bind in the brain?

A

bind with G protein-coupled receptors

53
Q

which neurotransmitters are lipid soluble and synthesize on demand?

A

gasotransmitters and endocannabinoids

54
Q

nitric oxide (NO)

A 
learning
memories
smooth muscle relaxation in intestine (digestion)
brain damage in stroke patients
lowers blood pressure
55
Q

hydrogen sulfide gases

A

act directly on ion channels to alter function

56
Q

endocannabinoids are involved in what functions?

A

learning
memory
hunger (control appetite/suppress nausea)
affect immune system

57
Q

which neurotransmitters act at same receptors as THC?

A

endocannabinoids

58
Q

what are the most common G protein-linked receptors in brain?

A

receptors of endocannabinoids

59
Q

neurotransmitters are classified by which functions?

A

effects (excitatory vs. inhibitory)

actions (direct vs. indirect)

60
Q

effect determined by receptor to which it binds:
GABA and glycine?
glutamate?
ACh?

A

GABA and glycine: inhibitory
glutamate: excitatory
ACh: excitatory at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle and inhibitory in cardiac muscle

61
Q

sometimes the ___(1)___ neurotransmitter has a different response because acts on ___(2)___ receptor.

A

(1) same

(2) different

62
Q

neurotransmitter binds to/opens ion channels and promotes rapid responses by altering membrane potential is what type of action?

A

direct action

63
Q

examples of direct action

A

ACh

amino acids

64
Q

neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers (G protein pathways) and have broader longer-lasting effects similar to hormones is what type of action?

A

indirect action

65
Q

examples of indirect action

A

biogenic amines
neuropeptides
dissolved gases

66
Q

which receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission?

A

channel-linked receptors

67
Q

which receptors oversee slow synaptic responses?

A

G protein-linked receptors

68
Q

channel-linked (ionotropic) receptors action is ______ and ______

A

immediate and brief

69
Q

what are channels for small cations in channel-linked receptors?

A

excitatory receptors

70
Q

what receptors allow Cl- influx?

A

inhibitory receptors

71
Q

Cl- influx causes ______

A

hyper polarization

72
Q

what are G-protein linked (metabotropic) receptor responses like?

A

indirect, complex, slow, prolonged

73
Q

which receptor causes widespread metabolic changes?

A

G protein-linked receptors

74
Q

which receptors bind biogenic amines and neuropeptides and are examples of G protein-linked receptors?

A

muscarinic ACh receptors

75
Q

what is the mechanism of action for G protein-linked receptors?

A
  1. neurotransmitter binds G protein-linked receptor
  2. G protein activated
  3. control production of 2nd messengers
76
Q

what opens/closes ion channels, activates kinase enzymes, phosphorylates channel proteins, activates genes and induces protein synthesis?

A

second messengers

77
Q

______ function in groups.

A

neurons

78
Q

what do the functional groups of neurons do?

A

integrate incoming info and then forward it to other places

79
Q

single presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in pool are called ______.

A

simple neuronal pool

80
Q

discharge zone

A

neurons closely associated with incoming fiber

respond quickly

81
Q

facilitated zone

A

neurons farther away from incoming fiber

not activated unless very strong signal present

82
Q

patterns of synaptic connections in neuronal pools are called ______.

A

circuits

83
Q

4 types of circuits

A
  1. diverging
  2. converging
  3. reverberating
  4. parallel after-discharge
84
Q

1 input, many outputs

ex) single neuron > activate motor neurons > control muscle

A

diverging circuit

85
Q

many outputs, 1 input

ex) different sensory stimuli elicit same memory

A

converging circuit

86
Q

signal travels through chain of neurons, each feeding back to previous neurons (feedback loops)
ex) breathing, sleep wake cycle, repetitive motor activities

A

reverberating circuit

87
Q

signal stimulates neurons arranged in parallel arrays that converge on single output cell
ex) solving math problems

A

parallel after-discharge circuit

88
Q

serial processing

A

reflex

89
Q

receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor. neuron, and effector are 5 components of pathways called ______.

A

reflex arcs

90
Q

parallel processing

A

higher level mental functioning

1 stimulus promotes several responses

91
Q

example of parallel processing

A

a sensed smell reminds of an odor and associated experiences

92
Q

growth cone at tip of axon interacts with environment via what?

A

cell surface adhesion proteins
neurotropins
nerve growth factor (NGF)

93
Q

cell death

A

if do not form synapse with target

apoptosis during development

Exam 4 A&P I (2 decks)

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