Chapter 12

Question 1

theoretical definition of oxidization

Answer 1

the loss of electrons, results in an increase in ON

Question 2

theoretical definition of reduction

Answer 2

the gain of electrons, results in a decrease in ON

Question 3

operational definition of oxidization

Answer 3

the reaction with molecular oxygen

Question 4

operational definition of reduction

Answer 4

the extraction of metals from metal ore

Question 5

oxidizing agent definition

Answer 5

reactant being reduced, causing another reagent to be oxidized

Question 6

reducing agent

Answer 6

reactant being oxidized, causing another reagent to be reduced

Question 7

redox reactions happen betweeen a ______ and a ______

Answer 7

oxidizing and reducing agent

Question 8

in redox reactions electrons are _____

Answer 8

gained by one atom or ion and lost by another

Question 9

oxidization numbers definition

Answer 9

hypothetical numbers used to determine the degree of oxidization of an atom

Question 10

redox reactions involve ____ of electrons

Answer 10

transfer

Question 11

what indicates a redox reaction

Answer 11

a change in an element’s ON

Question 12

steps for determining if reactions are redox or non-redox

Answer 12

1) assign ON’s

2) determine if reactions are redox or non redox
- non redox=no change in ON
- redox=change in ON

Question 13

definition of spontaneous redox reaction

Answer 13

takes place without the input of electricity

Question 14

if OA is above RA, the reaction is _______

Answer 14

spontaneous/ does happen

Question 15

if OA is below RA, the reaction is _____

Answer 15

non-spontaneous/ doesn’t happen

Question 16

oxidizing agents are on the ___ side of the redox table

Answer 16

left

Question 17

reducing agents are on the ___ side of the table

Answer 17

right

Question 18

the SOA is at the ____ of the table

Answer 18

top

Question 19

the SRA is at the _____ of the table

Answer 19

bottom

Question 20

the WOA is at the ____ of the table

Answer 20

bottom

Question 21

the WRA is at the ____ of the table

Answer 21

top

Question 22

copy out reduction reactions from ____ to ____

Answer 22

left to right (regular)

Question 23

copy out oxidization reactions from ___ to ___

Answer 23

right to left (opposite)

Question 24

steps for determine if a redox reaction is spontaneous or non spontaneous

Answer 24

1) determine OA and RA by assigning oxidization numbers

2) consult redox table to determine or spontaneous or not
- spontaneous= OA is above RA
- non spontaneous= OA is below RA

Question 25

steps for building a redox table

Answer 25

1) determine OA and RA of each equation by assigning oxidization numbers - metals are always RA 2) place the OA and RA in each equation relative to each other on the table - each OA and RA has a corresponding element

Question 26

what is an oxidization half reaction

Answer 26

separating a redox reaction into its oxidization component

Question 27

what is a reduction half reaction

Answer 27

separating a redox reaction into its reduction component

Question 28

oxidization half reactions have electrons on ____ side

Answer 28

product

Question 29

reduction half reactions have electrons on ____ side

Answer 29

reactant

Question 30

balancing steps

Answer 30

1) write half reactions 2) balance any atoms other than H and O 3) balance oxygen by adding H2O 4) balance hydrogen by adding H+ 5) balance any charges by adding electrons 6) multiply half reaction by LCM to cancel out electrons 7) add the balance half reactions 8) cancel out any ions present on both sides 9) add spectator ions back in if they were removed when writting half reaction

Question 31

steps for balancing equations using half reactions from data booklet (and what format is this question usually in)

Answer 31

usually in all word format 1) list all things you have acidified/acid=H+ solution=H2O 2) find SOA (consult table) and copy out half reaction 3) find SRA (consult table) and copy out half reaction 6) continue steps for regular balancing

Question 32

what do you make sure of when copying out half reaction

Answer 32

that you’re copying them out in the CORRECT direction

Question 33

disproportionation definition

Answer 33

sometimes some atoms of an element can undergo oxidization while some atoms of the same element undergo reduction

Question 34

steps for determine which element undergoes disproportionation

Answer 34

1) assign ON’s | 2) determine which element is being both oxidized and reduced

Question 35

step for balancing disproportionation reactions:

Answer 35

1) assign ON’s 2) determine which element is being both oxidized and reduced 3) start and finish steps for regular balancing

Question 36

titration definition

Answer 36

process used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution

Question 37

titrant definition

Answer 37

solution of KNOWN concentration

Question 38

sample definition

Answer 38

solution of UNKOWN concentration

Question 39

titration process

Answer 39

a solution of known concentration (titrant) is added slowly to the solution of unknown concentration (sample) until the reaction is complete

Question 40

endpoint definition

Answer 40

point when you observe a sudden change in colour

Question 41

what is the endpoint dependent on

Answer 41

the indicator in acid-base titration

Question 42

equivalence point definition

Answer 42

point where the chemical amount of the titrant is stoichiometrically equal to the chemical amount present in the solution of unknown concentration

Question 43

acid-base indicator definition

Answer 43

a compound that changes colour over a given pH range

Question 44

the ___ is in the buret (titrant or sample)

Answer 44

titrant

Question 45

the ___ is in the erlenmeyer flask (titrant or sample)

Answer 45

sample

Question 46

where is the stopcock (relative to the buret)

Answer 46

at the bottom of the buret

Question 47

what is the retort stand

Answer 47

the thing holding everything up

Question 48

where is the buret clamp

Answer 48

attached to the retort stand, hold the buret

Question 49

why do we commonly us OA/RA’s that change colour themselves in redox titrations?

Answer 49

so we don’t have to add an additional indicator

Question 50

photosynthesis equation

Answer 50

6 CO2(g)+ 6 H2O(l) + energy —> C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)

Question 51

cellular respiration equation

Answer 51

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) —-> 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) + energy

Question 52

what is the OA in cellular respiration

Answer 52

oxygen

Question 53

what is the RA in cellular respiration

Answer 53

sugar

Question 54

what is the OA in photosynthesis

Answer 54

CO2

Question 55

what is the RA in photosynthesis

Answer 55

water

Question 56

increase in ph ( in terms of hydrogen ions and acidity)

Answer 56

taking hydrogen ions and converting them to water (H+ on reactant side) becomes LESS acidic

Question 57

decrease in ph ( in terms of hydrogen ions and acidity)

Answer 57

when your producing hydrogen ions becomes MORE acidic