Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 367 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is an auditory space

A

-it exists where there is sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are two types of location cues

A
  • binaural cues
  • > depend on both ears
  • monaural cues
  • > depend on just one ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three dimensions in which people can locate sound

A

1) Azimuth
- >extends from the left to right
- >determined by binaural cues

2) Elevation
- >extends up and down

3) Distance
- >distance of the sound source from the speaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two binaural cues

A

1) Interaural level difference

2) Interaural time difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the interaural level difference

A
  • it is the difference of the sound pressure level

- >of the sound reaching the two ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the acoustic shadow describe the intaural level difference

A
  • difference in the level of the sound pressure reaching the ears creates an acoustic shadow
  • > it reduces the intensity of sound that reaches the far ear
  • > occurs reduction of intensity at the far ear for high frequency sounds
  • > not for low frequency sounds
  • basically your head fits in between high frequency waves because there is enough distance between the high frequency waves
  • > so high frequency waves have an impact on intensity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cue is the intaural level differnce good for

A

-it is good for location of high frequency sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe ITD. How is it effected

A

-it is the time difference between when a sound reaches the left ear and the right ear

  • when a source is located to the side
  • > there is a difference in when sounds reach one ear and when they reach another
  • ITD becomes larger as sounds sources are located more to the side
  • > most effective for determining low frequency sounds

-ITD is the dominant binaural cue for hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cone of confusion

A
  • it is when all on points on the surface of the cone have the same ILD and ITD
  • there can be large or small cones
  • basically, many locations in space where sounds could results in same ILD and ITD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does monaural cues provide information on

A

-it provides info on elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary monaural cue for localization

A
  • it is spectral cues
  • > works especially for high frequency sounds
  • note the differences in the way sounds bounce around within the pinnae
  • > create different frequencies for the two locations
  • note the nooks and crannies of the pinnae are important for determining elevation
  • > without it, it is difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Jeffress model of auditory localization? Also describe the coincidence detectors within this model

A
  • it proposes that neurons are wired
  • > so they each receive signals from the two ears
  • if the sound source is directly in front of the listener
  • > sound reaches the left and right ears simultaneously

-coincidence detectors only fire when signals from the left and right ear both reach a neuron at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Relate ITD detectors to the Jeffress model

A
  • ITD detectors each fire to a specific ITD
  • this model suggests that each neuron fires to a specific ITD
  • it is in a specific area, referred to as a place code
  • > place code is where that activity occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an ITD tuning curve

A
  • it describes the properties of ITD neurons
  • > plots the neuron’s firing rate against the ITD
  • each neuron in each ear responds to a different ITD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the neuronal coding for sound localization in birds vs mammals

A
  • in birds
  • > it is a sharply tuned neuron
  • > code for birds is a place code
  • > ITD is indicated by firing of nervous systems at a specific place
  • in mammals
  • > the neurons are broadly tuned
  • > code for mammals is a population code
  • > ITD is determined by many broadly tuned neurons working together
  • > the left hemisphere fires for sounds coming from the right side and vice versa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the neural basis of binaural localization begin

A
  • it begins along the pathway from the cochlea to the brain

- >in the superior olivary nucleus

17
Q

How has the A1 been shows to have a role in localization

A
  • lesioning A1 in ferrets decreased
  • > did not eliminate ferret’s ability to localize sounds

-deactivating A1 in cats results in poor localization

18
Q

Where is the posterior belt area

A

-located near the back of the cortex

19
Q

Where is the anterior belt area located

A

-it is located toward the front of the cortex

20
Q

Describe the response of sound localization of the A1 to the posterior belt area

A
  • A1 responds to a larger area of space for sound localization
  • > posterior belt area responds to a smaller space
  • > therefore, the posterior belt area provides more precise information about the location of sound sources

-note the posterior belt tuning curves are narrower than A1 tuning curves

21
Q

Describe the role of anterior belt area

A
  • neurons here respond more to complex sounds
  • > do not respond as well to pure tones

-so anterior belt areas are more involved in identifying complex sounds

22
Q

What happens when you deactivate the anterior belt

A
  • you disrupt the ability of the cat to tell the difference between the two timing patterns of sound
  • does not affect the cat’s ability to localize sounds
23
Q

Distinguish posterior area belt and the anterior area belt

A
  • posterior is involved in localizing sounds

- anterior is involved in perceiving complex sounds from one another

24
Q

Where is the what auditory pathway located and where is the “where” auditory pathway located

A
  • what
  • > it is located in the anterior belt and the temporal lobe
  • > also frontal cortex
  • where
  • > it is located in the posterior belt
  • > also located in the parietal
  • > finally again frontal cortex
25
Q

What is direct sound

A
  • it is sound that reaches your ears directly
  • > eg; listening to someone playing guitar outdoors
  • it sound that reaches your ears after bouncing off various structures
  • > eg; listening to someone play a guitar in an auditorium

-sound originates from one place but can come from many different directions

26
Q

Precedence effect

A
  • we perceive the sound as coming from a source that reaches our ears first
  • so even if a sound is heard directly and then indirectly
  • > the sound that comes directly is first heard
  • > the sound that comes indirectly is not even heard
27
Q

Can indirect sound affect our hearing even if it is not the first sound that reaches our ears

A
  • yes

- >it can affect the quality of the sound we hear

28
Q

What is the study of architectural sounds

A
  • it is the study of how sounds are reflected in rooms

- >concerned with how indirect sounds changes the quality of the sounds we hear in rooms

29
Q

What are the major factors affecting indirect sound

A

-it is the size of the room, the shape of the room and the amount of sound absorbed by the walls, ceiling and floor

  • if most of sound is absorbed
  • > then there are few sound reflections and little indirect sound

-shape of the room determines how sound hits surfaces and the directions in which it is reflected

30
Q

What is reverberation time

A
  • it is the time it takes for the sound to decrease 1/1000th of its original pressure
  • > or a decrease in level by 60 dB

-specifically, it is the amount and duration of indirect sound produced by a room

31
Q

What happens with long or short reverberation times

A
  • short
  • > music sounds dead
  • > it becomes difficult to produce high-intensity sounds
  • long
  • > sound becomes muddled
  • > it is reflected for too long
  • > these become echoes
  • > becomes difficult to localize the sounds
32
Q

How have engineers used reverberation time

A
  • they designed halls that are known for good acoustics

- >reverberation time matches the reverberation time of halls that are known to have good acoustics

33
Q

What other factors are considered in addition to reverberation time

A
  • intimacy time
  • > time between when sound arrives directly from the stage and when the first reflection arrives
  • > just specifically for the first reflection rather than many reflections

Bass ratio
->ratio of low frequencies to middle frequencies

Spaciousness factor
->the faction of all the sound received by a listener that is indirect sound

Psych 367 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions