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Psych 367 > Chapter 11 textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 11 textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the physical definitions and the perceptual definitions of sound

A

Physical

  • > sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium
  • > transmits vibrations

Perceptual
->sound is the experience we have when we hear

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2
Q

Compare condensation to rarefaction

A

Condensation

  • > pressure increases
  • > density of the molecules near the source increases

Rarefaction

  • > pressure decreases
  • > density of molecules near the source decreases
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3
Q

What are pure tones? Where are they produced?

A
  • pure tones occur when changes in the air pressure occur in a pattern
  • > specifically a sine wave pattern
  • > they occur occasionally within the environment

-note tuning forks, whistling or flutes can produce pure tones as well

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4
Q

What is frequency and amplitude referring to

A

Frequency
->number of cycles per second

Amplitude(dB)
->would be the size of the pressure change

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5
Q

What frequencies can humans perceive

A

-they can perceive from 20Hz to 20kHz

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6
Q

Do complex tones waveforms repeat?What is this repetition rate referred to as

A
  • yes it does
  • > because like a pure tone, it is a periodic tone

-note that repetition rates are referred to as the fundamental frequency

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7
Q

How is the complex tone related to the pure tone

A
  • complex tones are made up of a number of pure tones(sine wave) components added together
  • > the first harmonic is referred to as the fundamental tone
  • > higher harmonics are pure tones with whole numbers multiples of the fundamental tone
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8
Q

What is a frequency spectra?

A
  • it is another way to represent the harmonic components of a complex tone
  • horizontal axis is frequency instead of time
  • the position of each line on the horizontal line indicates the frequency of each of the tone’s harmonics
  • height indicates the harmonic’s amplitude
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9
Q

What would happen to the repetition rate if you removed a harmonic? Let’s say you removed the fundamental of the tone(first harmonic)

A
  • the repetition rate would not change

- >there is still information in the waveform indicating the fundamental frequency

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10
Q

What is loudness in terms of perception

A
  • loudness is the perceptual quality most closely related to level or amplitude
  • > eg; increasing the sound level by increasing from 40 dB to 50 dB increases the loudness by 2
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11
Q

What is the audibility curve indicate? What is the range of hearing?What is the most sensitive hearing range?

A
  • it is a curve which indicates the threshold of hearing vs frequency
  • we are most sensitive to sounds between frequencies of 2000 and 4000
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12
Q

What is the auditory response area

A

-tones that we can hear fall within this area

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13
Q

What is the threshold of feeling

A
  • tones with high amplitude
  • > these are painful tones that we can feel

-threshold of feeling is are the upper boundary of the auditory response area

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14
Q

How is frequency and loudness related

A
  • at each frequency, there is a threshold or baseline

- >decibels at which it can be heard

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15
Q

What is an equal loudness curve

A
  • a way of looking at the relationship between frequency and loudness
  • > this curve shows the same perception of loudness at different frequencies
  • note that at threshold
  • > the level of loudness can vary for different frequencies
  • > at some levels above threshold, different frequencies can have a similar loudness at the same decibel
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16
Q

What is pitch? What is it associated with?

A
  • pitch is the perceptual quality that use to describe as high or low
  • pitch can be associated with the musical scale or property of speech
  • it is a psychological property of sound
  • > not a physical one
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17
Q

How is pitch related to fundamental frequency

A
  • pitch is most closely related to fundamental frequency

- low fundamental frequencies= low pitches

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18
Q

What is tone height

A
  • it is the increasing pitch that accompanies increases in a tone’s fundamental frequency
  • > it occurs as you move from the low to the high end of the piano keyboard
19
Q

Tone chroma

A
  • notes with the same letter on the piano sound similar
  • > every time you pass the same letter on the piano, you are going up an octave
  • > tones separated by the octaves have the same tone chroma
  • within the same chroma, the fundamental frequency are separated by multipes of two
20
Q

Effect of the missing fundamental

A
  • the tone or pitch of a sound remains the same

- >even when you have removed a harmonic or the fundamental harmonic

21
Q

What is timbre

A
  • it distinguishes between two tones that have the same loudness, pitch and duration
  • > they still sound different tho
22
Q

How is timbre created

A

-it is created by the differences in harmonics

23
Q

What else is timbre related to other than differences in harmonics

A
  • it is related to time course
  • specifically, the time course of a tone’s attack and that of a tone’s decay
  • attack is the buildup of sound at the beginning of the tone
  • decay is the decrease in sound at the end of the tone
24
Q

What are aperiodic sounds?

A
  • they are sound waves that do not repeat

- >eg; a door slamming shut or people talking or noises such as static on radio

25
Q

How do ossicles help in transferring air vibrations on to the inner ear?

A
  • concentrate the vibrations of the large tympanic membrane onto the much smaller stapes
  • > increases pressure by a factor of 20
  • the ossicles are hinged
  • > creates a lever action
26
Q

What are middle ear muscles

A
  • smallest skeletal muscles in the body
  • at very high sound
  • > they dampen the ossicles vibrations
  • > reduces transmission of low frequency sounds
  • > helps prevent low frequencies from interfering with the perception of high frequency sounds
27
Q

What is the upper half of the cochlea called? What is the bottom half? What are they separated by?

A
  • upper half is called the scala vestibuli
  • lower half is called the scala tympani
  • they are separated by a structure called the cochlear partition
28
Q

What is the important thing that the Organ of corti contain

A
  • they contain the hair cells

- >these are the receptors crucial for hearing

29
Q

Where do cilia protrude from

A
  • they protrude from hair cells

- human beings contain one row of inner hair cells and about three rows of outer hair cells

30
Q

Describe the bending if cilia and this relation to tip links

A
  • bending causes structures tip links to stretch
  • > tip links link different cilia
  • > this stretching opens ion channels in the membrane of the cilia
  • > potassium ions flow into the cell and an electrical signal result
  • > neurotransmitters released at the synapse separating the inner hair cells from the auditory nerves
  • when cilia bend other way
  • > tip links slacken
  • > ion channels close
  • > ion flow stops
31
Q

Where does the organ of corti sit? Which membrane? And which membrane is above it?

A
  • organ of corti sits on the basilar membrane

- >tectorial membrane is arched over the hair cells

32
Q

Describe the process of when the oval window sends vibrations to the cochlea? How this affects the basilar membrane

A
  • oval window transmits vibrations to the liquid inside the cochlea
  • sets the basilar membrane in motion
  • organ of corti has up and down motion
  • tectorial membrane moves back and forth
  • > causes the cilia of the outer hair cells to bend
  • > the cilia of other outer hair cells and inner hair cells bend in response to pressure waves in the liquid
33
Q

What is phase locking?

A
  • property of firing at the same place in the sound stimulus
  • overall firing matches the frequency of the sound stimulus
  • sound’s repetition rate produces a pattern of nerve firing in which the timing of nerve spikes matches the timing of the repeating sound stimulus
34
Q

What motion does the basilar membrane vibration resemble

A
  • it resembles that of a travelling wave
  • > like when the person holds a rope and snaps it
  • > sending a wave travelling down the rope
  • note most of the basilar membrane vibrates but some more than others
  • > the place that vibrates the most DEPENDS on the frequency of the tone
35
Q

What happens to vibrations on the basilar membrane as frequency changes

A
  • as frequency increases
  • > the places on the membrane that vibrates the most moves from the apex at the end of the cochlea to the base at the oval window
36
Q

What is a tonotopic map

A

-it is a map of the various frequencies in the cochlea

37
Q

What is a neural frequency tuning curve

A
  • it is a measurement of the response of auditory nerve fibers to specific frequencies
  • present pure tones of different frequencies
  • > measure the sound level necessary to cause the neuron to increase its firing above the baseline
38
Q

How is the cochlea’s filtering action reflected by the tuning curve

A

1)Neurons respond best to one frequency

2) Each frequency is associated with nerve fibers located along specific locations in the basilar membrane
3) Curves become wider at higher frequencies
- >filtering of the sounds is more selective at lower frequencies

39
Q

Where does the Cochlear amplifier take place? What does it do?

A
  • takes place outer hair cells
  • major purpose of outer hair cells is to influence how the basilar membrane vibrates
  • > they accomplish this by changing length
  • ion flow in outer hair cells cause it to expand and contract
  • > they become elongated when cilia bends in one direction and contracts when it bends in the other
  • > this movement of contraction and expansion increases the motion of the basilar membrane
  • > it also sharpens its response to specific frequencies
40
Q

Summarize how the cochlear implant influences the tuning in each place of the cochlea

A

-it greatly sharpens the tuning of each place in the cochlea

41
Q

What is the place theory?

A

-relation between sound frequency and the place along the basilar membrane when it is activated

42
Q

What are reasons against place theory

A
  • one argument was based on the effect of the missing fundamental
  • > this did not change the pitch
  • > a tone which has fundamental frequency of 200 has the same frequency after the 200 Hz is removed
  • > there is no longer peak vibration at the place associated with 200 Hz
43
Q

What is amplitude modulated noise? How does it go against place theory

A
  • sound that isn’t associated with the vibration of the basilar membrane
  • > but it still created a perception of a pitch
  • > the level or intensity of the sound fluctuated up and down rapidly

-therefore, pitch is perceived even in the absence of place information

Psych 367 (3 decks)

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