chapter 12 Flashcards
What are educational institutions responsible for
the transmission of knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes deemed desirable in a given society
Formal education
occurs in institutional settings and is normally regulated and organized by the state
Informal education
involves learning activities that people seek outside of formally structured educational spaces
What do formal and informal education contribute to
social reproduction
social reproduction
¬ is done by stressing social norms and values. Structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next.
What were like total institutions
residential schools
Features of European civilization approach
¬ Change of Language ¬ Religion (Christian doctrines) ¬ Uniformity ¬ Undermining traditional knowledge ¬ Forced Assimilation
Mass education (finish)
¬Industrialization and immigration created the need to educated the masses.
¬ Education viewed as essential to economic development
¬ New taxes were levied for compuisory schooling
¬ Ontario was first to offer free, compulsory education
¬ -A “common” education did not mean “same” education. Girls and boys were educated differently—males were directed to vocational training and higher education in preparation for the labour market. Girls streamed into the domestic sciences and courses that prepared them as housewives and nurturing occupations
Why does the comparison of countries post-secondary attainment matter?
Education is a key indicator of a countries development. Education leads to jobs, greater income, improved health status that leads to an increase overall in standard living
Credential inflation
¬ The ever-increasing cache or collection of educational credentials required for a particular job
sociological approach to education: functionalism Parsons
argued that they need both to serve and reflect values and interests of the society in which they operate. Schools help to maintain the equilibrium of the social system through two functions: allocation and socialization
Hidden curriculum
¬ refers to the informal or less overt aspects of schooling that nonetheless influence and shape students behaviour or actions
Conflict theory
¬ Schooling serves the capitalist aims of profit and compliant workers
¬ Schools are instrumental in preparing future conformers and thus as relinquishing their revolutionary possibilities for human development and progress.
Bowles and Gintis schooling in capitalist America
- argue that a correspondence principle prevails between schools and the workplace-schools are structures to reflect work places
- argue that schools in a capitalist society are structured in a way that prevent social class mobility
Symbolic interactionism
¬ Meanings are constructed through social interaction and vary depending on social context
¬ Examine meanings attached to school practices for students, teachers, and parents
¬ Argue that society and social arrangements are fluid therefore they are constantly negotiated and renegotiated
allocation:
assigning grades and handing out certificates, diplomas, and degrees
socialization
schools teach students how to function in the larger society by responding to authority and respecting punctuality
meritocracy:
a society in which resources are distributed fairly on the basis of merit
Howard becker (finish)
¬ Teacher imposed labels can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
¬ A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very term of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behaviour
¬ Through interactive process one comes to embody the label
¬ self-fulfilling prophecy remains a concern especially when it comes to relations of gender, race, and class
Feminist theory
¬ Focused on the sexism embedded in both school texts and classroom practices
¬ Women represented as passive objects or were altogether absent
¬ Teachers engage more with boys than with girls and stream boys and girls into gender-appropriate subjects.
Anti-Racist approaches
¬ Anti-Racist approaches to education address the issue of racism and interlocking systems of social oppression (such as sexism, classism, heterosexism, ableism)
Anti-racism
¬ Perceives race and racism as central to how we claim, occupy and defend spaces
¬ Seek to identify, challenge, and change the values, structures and behaviours that perpetuate racism and oppression
¬ Advocate for a shift from multicultural to anti-racist approaches
Cultural Theory (Bourdieau)
Bourdieu, points out that cultures tend to reproduce themselves in terms of cultural values and norms being transmitted from generation to generation
Uses the term cultural capital to explore how people can use particular cultural resources for economic and social success
post-structuralist theory: Michael Foucault (Power and knowledge)
¬ Racism in History textbooks was studied from a post-structural perspective. The study links knowledge production with Ontario high school history textbooks
¬ The discourse of racism was examined in government approved history textbooks
¬ The books normalized racism as an act of individuals, deriving from individuals attitudes and beliefs
Contemporary Issues in higher Education
¬ Government funding declined dramatically
¬ Faculty members have decreased while enrollment rates have increased
¬ Higher student tuition fees
¬ Move on to corporate models
¬ Push to secure external funding by private corporations
Pierre bourdieu
argued that schools reproduce existing power relations. they are not value neutral . the culture of the dominant class is successfully reproduced through schooling because schools endorse a particular way of speaking, writing, and behaving.
George Ritzer’s notion of McDonaldization
the notion that institutions are expected to function in ever more efficient ways, with a high degree of predictability and standardization
