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GM Systems Path > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is acinus

A

Distal to terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct/alveoli

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2
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes do

A

Surfactant and repair

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3
Q

What is Atelectasis

A

Collapsed lung

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4
Q

What happens to the lung and tissues during atelectasis

A

Pulmonary arteries to pulmonary veins lead to tissue hypoxia

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5
Q

What is resorption atelectasis and what is a common cause

A

Obstruction creating an inability for air to reach distal airways and the alveoli collapse caused mostly by mucopurulent plug

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6
Q

What happens in compression atelectasis

A

The pleural cavity fills with edema, blood or air

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7
Q

What is pleural effusion and what is it associated with

A

“Fluid around the lungs (hydrothorax) during compression atelectasis MC from CHF

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8
Q

What are the two causes of compression atelectasis

A

Pleural effusion and pneumothorax

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9
Q

What can cause pneumothorax

A

Ches wall injury such as stab/penetration wound

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10
Q

What happens in contraction atelectasis

A

Scarring of the lungs

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11
Q

What two forms of contraction atelectasis are there (i.e. what two scarring types)

A

Interstitial or pleural fibrosis

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12
Q

What happens due to contraction atelectasis

A

Decreased expansion/distention limiting alveolar opening and eventual collapse

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13
Q

What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome and what happens

A

Severe trauma preventing gas exchange = hypoxemia = hypoxia

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14
Q

Is ARDS life threatening

A

Yes

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15
Q

Why is ARDS life threatening

A

Alveolar edema and tachypnea

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16
Q

What type of look is associated with ARDS on a slide of lung tissue

A

Pink homogenous and glassy

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17
Q

What is indicative of obstructive lung disease

A

Decreased expiratory flow rate (wheezing)

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18
Q

What is indicative of restrictive lung disease

A

Decreased forced vital capacity, normal expiration rate

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19
Q

What happens in emphysema

A

Destroyed alveolar septa

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20
Q

What are 3 things that cause emphysema

A

1) enlarged acini
2) inflammation ( increase proteases and decrease anti-proteases)
3) morphologic Dx (destruction)

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21
Q

Inflammation causes emphysema why?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes damage alveoli due to ROS

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of emphysema and which is MC

A

Centriacinar(MC) and panacinar

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23
Q

What happens in centriacinar emphysema and what does it directly affect

A

Destroys central acinus (spares distal) affecting lung apices mostly

24
Q

What is the MC risk of centriacinar emphysema

A

Smoking

25
Q

What is panacinar emphysema and where does it affect

A

Uniformly destroys the acini in the lower lung fields

26
Q

What causes panacinar emphysema

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency which is normally and anti-protease therefore protease activity is increased

27
Q

What will accelerate panacinar emphysema

A

Smoking

28
Q

What is chronic bronchitis and what causes it

A

Bronchial inflammation and caused by mucus hypersecretion (mucus gland= hypertrophy/hyperplasia)

29
Q

Who is mostly affected by chronic bronchitis

A

Males 40-65 (about 25% of this pop.)

30
Q

How is chronic bronchitis classified

A

Persistent cough lasting 3 or more consecutive months in greater than or equal to 2 years

31
Q

What other condition can be caused by chronic bronchitis

A

Cor pulmonale

32
Q

When chronic bronchitis coincides with emphysema what is it called

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

33
Q

How many people have COPD

A

10% of US adults

34
Q

What is COPD (irreversible or reversible)

A

Irreversible airflow obstruction

35
Q

What is asthma

A

Bronchoconstriction = obstruction

36
Q

What causes asthma

A

Smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperactivity, inflammation, increased mucous

37
Q

Is asthma reversible or irreversible

A

Reversible airway obstruction

38
Q

What two things are associated with asthma that can be seen

A

Curshmann spirals and charcot-leyden crystals

39
Q

What is atopic asthma

A

Genetic type 1 hypersensitivity

40
Q

What is another name for atopic asthma

A

Extrinsic asthma

41
Q

What is atopy

A

Eczema/urticaria (hives)

42
Q

What 3 things are associated with atopic asthma

A

Childhood onset, family Hx., environmental antigens

43
Q

What is another name for non atopic asthma

A

Intrinsic asthma

44
Q

What are not associated with non atopic asthma

A

No allergen/family history, caused by various stimuli (nonimmune)

45
Q

What is the most common form of asthma

A

Atopic

46
Q

What is chronic asthma

A

Hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscles causing prolonged wheezing/dyspnea

47
Q

What happens to mucous in chronic asthma

A

Increase in submucosal glands = mucous plugs

48
Q

What happens to acini in chronic asthma

A

Acini become hyperinflated (dysfunx expiration)

49
Q

What is status asthmaticus

A

Acute severe asthma in chronic asthma that has no response to bronchodilators/steroids producing possible lethal hypoxemia

50
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilation of bronchi

51
Q

What causes bronchiectasis

A

Obstruction resulting in necrotizing infection

52
Q

Where is bronchiectasis located

A

Located in lower lobes can be localized or bilateral (foreign body vs cystic fibrosis)

53
Q

What happens in severe coughing episodes if someone has bronchiectasis

A

Purulent foul smelling sputum

54
Q

What is kartagener syndrome

A

Aka primary ciliary dyskinesis, it is a result of defective cilia

55
Q

What causes the defective cilia in kartagener syndrome

A

Mutated dynein resulting in poor mucociliary clearance

56
Q

What is situs inversus and what is it associated with

A

Inverted organs associated with kartagener syndrome

57
Q

Poor mucociliary clearance in the fallopian tubes and flagella of sperm causes what

A

Sterility

GM Systems Path (4 decks)

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