Chapter 12

Question 1

What is development psychology?

Answer 1

the study of continuity and change across the life span (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood)

Question 2

3 prenatal stages

Answer 2

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Question 3

Germinal stage

Answer 3

first stage of prenatal stage

- the 2 week period that begins at conception

Question 4

What is a zygote and when does it appear?

Answer 4

a zygote is a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg
- it appears in the germinal stage

Question 5

What is the embryonic stage?

Answer 5

the period that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

Question 6

What is the fetal stage?

Answer 6

the period that lasts from the 9th week until birth

Question 7

What is myelination and when does it occur?

Answer 7

The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

Question 8

What is a placenta?

Answer 8

it links the bloodstream of the mother to the unborn baby and permits exchange of materials

Question 9

What are teratogens?

Answer 9

agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

Question 10

What is FAS

Answer 10

Fetal alcohol syndrome- a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Question 11

characteristics of FAS

Answer 11

low nasal bridge, minor ear abnormalities, indistinct thing in the middle of your upper lip (the phitrum), undersized jaw (micrognathia), epicanthal folds,
flat midface and short nose
thin upper lip

Question 12

definition of infancy

Answer 12

the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

Question 13

characteristics of new borns

Answer 13

• poor sight but habituate to visual stimuli
• can mimic facial expressions within the first hour of life
• must strengthen their muscles and work on motor development

Question 14

What is motor development?

Answer 14

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action

Question 15

What are reflexes?

Answer 15

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation; it is innate

Question 16

2 rules of progression

Answer 16

cephalocaudal rule
- top to bottom - tendency for motor skills to emerge from head to feet
proximodistal rule
- inside to outside rule - motor skills emerging in sequence from center to periphery

Question 17

Cognitive Development

Answer 17

the emergence of the ability to think and understand – thinks like how the physical world works, how their mind represents it, how other minds represent it

Question 18

Who created the stages of cognitive development?

Answer 18

Jean Piaget

differed because it was seen as continuous

Question 19

Egocentrism

Answer 19

the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers; observed during preoperational stage
- false belief test

Question 20

At what age do children have difficulty understanding emotional reactions?

Answer 20

at 6 years

Question 21

theory of mind

Question 22

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 22

believed children develop through interactions with members of his/ her own culture

• 3 fundamental skills:
• joint attention - the ability to focus on what another person is focused on
• social referencing - the ability to use another person’s reactions as information about the world
• imitation- the ability to do what another person does

Question 23

Harry Harlow research

Answer 23

conducted attachment experiments with baby rehsus monkeys (wire mother vs. fur mother)

Question 24

Konrad Lorenz discovered what

Answer 24

imprinting in new hatched goslings

Question 25

attachment

Answer 25

the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

Question 26

strange situation

Answer 26

a behavioural test that is used to determine a child’s attachment style

• secure attachment
• insecure attachment

Question 27

2 kinds of insecure attachment

Answer 27

anxious resistant

anxious avoidant

Question 28

How did Piaget draw conclusions

Answer 28

investigating children’s moral thinking and behaviour

Question 29

Children’s moral thinking shifts (as found by Piaget)

Answer 29

realism to relativism
prescriptions to principles
outcomes to intentions

Question 30

Kohlberg’s 3 stages in moral development

Answer 30

Preconventional stage (childhood)
conventional stage (adolescence)
postconventional stage (adults)

Question 31

Adolescence

Answer 31

about (11-14) to (18-21)

• marks a shift in emphasis from family relations to peer relations
• peer relations evolve and peel off

Question 32

Puberty

Answer 32

the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

Question 33

adulthood

Answer 33

the stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends death

Question 34

physical changes lead to psychological consequences…. and

Answer 34

older brains compensate by calling on other neural structures
- less bilateral asymmetry (prefrontal cortex)

Question 35

goals

- socio emotional selectivity theory

Answer 35

• the young focus on info that is helpful in future

- older focus on info that is applicable now

Question 36

Kubler Ross stages of grief

Answer 36

Denial 
Anger 
Bargaining
Depression 
Acceptance