Chapter 12 Flashcards
What is development psychology?
the study of continuity and change across the life span (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood)
3 prenatal stages
germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
Germinal stage
first stage of prenatal stage
- the 2 week period that begins at conception
What is a zygote and when does it appear?
a zygote is a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg
- it appears in the germinal stage
What is the embryonic stage?
the period that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week
What is the fetal stage?
the period that lasts from the 9th week until birth
What is myelination and when does it occur?
The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron
What is a placenta?
it links the bloodstream of the mother to the unborn baby and permits exchange of materials
What are teratogens?
agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses
What is FAS
Fetal alcohol syndrome- a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
characteristics of FAS
low nasal bridge, minor ear abnormalities, indistinct thing in the middle of your upper lip (the phitrum), undersized jaw (micrognathia), epicanthal folds,
flat midface and short nose
thin upper lip
definition of infancy
the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months
characteristics of new borns
- poor sight but habituate to visual stimuli
- can mimic facial expressions within the first hour of life
- must strengthen their muscles and work on motor development
What is motor development?
the emergence of the ability to execute physical action
What are reflexes?
specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation; it is innate
2 rules of progression
cephalocaudal rule
- top to bottom - tendency for motor skills to emerge from head to feet
proximodistal rule
- inside to outside rule - motor skills emerging in sequence from center to periphery
Cognitive Development
the emergence of the ability to think and understand – thinks like how the physical world works, how their mind represents it, how other minds represent it
Who created the stages of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
differed because it was seen as continuous
Egocentrism
the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers; observed during preoperational stage
- false belief test
At what age do children have difficulty understanding emotional reactions?
at 6 years
theory of mind
Lev Vygotsky
believed children develop through interactions with members of his/ her own culture
- 3 fundamental skills:
- joint attention - the ability to focus on what another person is focused on
- social referencing - the ability to use another person’s reactions as information about the world
- imitation- the ability to do what another person does
Harry Harlow research
conducted attachment experiments with baby rehsus monkeys (wire mother vs. fur mother)
Konrad Lorenz discovered what
imprinting in new hatched goslings
attachment
the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers
strange situation
a behavioural test that is used to determine a child’s attachment style
- secure attachment
- insecure attachment
2 kinds of insecure attachment
anxious resistant
anxious avoidant
How did Piaget draw conclusions
investigating children’s moral thinking and behaviour
Children’s moral thinking shifts (as found by Piaget)
realism to relativism
prescriptions to principles
outcomes to intentions
Kohlberg’s 3 stages in moral development
Preconventional stage (childhood) conventional stage (adolescence) postconventional stage (adults)
Adolescence
about (11-14) to (18-21)
- marks a shift in emphasis from family relations to peer relations
- peer relations evolve and peel off
Puberty
the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
adulthood
the stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends death
physical changes lead to psychological consequences…. and
older brains compensate by calling on other neural structures
- less bilateral asymmetry (prefrontal cortex)
goals
- socio emotional selectivity theory
- the young focus on info that is helpful in future
- older focus on info that is applicable now
Kubler Ross stages of grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
