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Chapter 11 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalization

A

Evolutionary development of rostral( anterior) portion of CNS

Result in increased number of neurons.

Highest level reached in human brain

Ex- anything with head, not a jellyfish

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2
Q

Adult brains have four regions

A
  1. Cerebral hemisphere
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem:
    Midbrain
    Pons
    Medulla
  4. Cerebellum
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3
Q

Brain and spinal cord have grey and white matter

A

Grey- nonmyelianated neuron

White both myelinated and non

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4
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid filled chambers that are continuous to one another to central canal of spinal cord

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5
Q

Csf

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

83% of brain mass

GYRI: ridges
SULCI- shallow grooves
FISSURE: DEEEP grooves

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7
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates two hemispheres

Very deep

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8
Q

Transverse fissure

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum seperates

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9
Q

5 lobes

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital 
Insula
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10
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates front and back

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11
Q

Precenteal gyrus

A

In front of the central sulcus

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12
Q

Central sulcus separates

A

Precenteal gyrus of frontal alobe and postcenral gyrus of parital lobe

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

“Executive suite”
Thin top layer ( grey) composed of cell bodies dendrites etc
Brain controls : awareness sensory perception , motor, memory
40% of brain mass

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14
Q

3 general areas of cerebral cortex

A

Motor areas- FRONTANTERIOR TO CENTRAL SULKI
sensory - is behind CENTRAL SULKI
Association- all over the place connections

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15
Q

Left side of brain and right side of body are connected

A

Contralateral. Opposite side of body

Ex- stroke

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16
Q

Lateralization

A

Only find one side of the brain that controls

Speak and interpretation is left side

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17
Q

Motor area

A

Found in frontal lobe control voluntary movement

Primary motor cortex in pre-central gyrus
Premotor cortex anterior to pre-central gyrus

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18
Q

Promoter cortex

A 
Moving forward( anterior) to the primary motor
Helps Learn repetitious motions
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19
Q

Brock’s area

A

Only on the left

Has to do with language, Making speech muscles

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20
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Control voluntary eye movement

I choose to look at the door

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21
Q

Damage to primary motor cortex as seen in a stroke, paralyzes muscles controlled in those areas

A

Paralysis occurs on the opposite site of the body

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22
Q

Sensory areas

A

Moving to the back( posture to central sulcus)
Occurs in lobes
Eight stages

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23
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located in post central gyri of parietal lobe

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24
Q

Association area any part of the brain means

A

Associating information from different places , interprets and understands

Ex: determining size, texture

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25
Visual areas
``` Primary visual( striate) moving backward It's on the occipital lobe Taking information that the back of your eyes( Reyna) and interpreting ``` visual association - recongnizing somones face
26
Auditory area
Superior of temporal lobes Auditory association- learning sounds
27
Vestibular cortex
Posterior part of insula and adjacent partial cortex Responiceble for balance , awareness Deep in brain
28
Olfactory
Deep in brain | Associate with old smells that you know
29
Gustatory | Taste perception
Video real | Heart beat, bladder
30
Wernikjes area
Works with Broca's area. Giving meaning to the words you say Only on left side
31
Lambic association
Emotions
32
Substancitia nigra
Base of nuclei and mid brain come together | Degeneration occurs and causes parkins disease
33
Medulla
Blends into spinal cord at formen magnum Contains fourth ventricle - continuation of central canal of spinal cord Medulla ponds form central wall Contains choroid plexus: capillary rich membrane that forms cerebral spinal fluid
34
Functions of medulla oblongana
Autonomic reflex center - many functions overlap with hypothalamus Functional groups of medulla include : cardiovascular center - cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart concentration Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter
35
Respiratory centers: Various other centers regulate
Generate respiratory rhythm Control rate and depth of breathing ``` Vomiting Hiccups Swallowing Coughing Laughing Sneezing ```
36
Cerebellum
Controls motor activity | 11% of brain mass
37
Cerebellum fine tunes motor activity as follows
Receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contracts - putting together signals Thinking , emotion
38
Lymbic
Emotion
39
Lateralization of cortical functioning
Left- controls language math and logic Right- visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic , musical skills Hemispheres communicate
40
Functional brain systems
Limbic | Reticular
41
Limbic system
Connected by fiber tracts called fornix
42
Limbic system Amygdaloid - Cingulate gyrus
Anger fear
43
Limbo systems puts emotional responses to odors
Skunks smell bad
44
Reticular formation
Extends through central core of brainstem Three broad columns that run the length of the brain Rap he Medial Lateral
45
Rectiular activiating system
System of neurons that interpret unconscious . Ex: some might study better in loud place , Filters out repetitive familiar or weak stimuli Inhibited by sleep, alcohol , drugs Severe injury can cause a permanent coma
46
Higher mental functions
``` Language Memory EEG Consciousness Sleep and sleep- wake cycles ```
47
Language
Brocas area( motor area) - controlling the muscles that produce language Wernickes area- interprets what your hearing Located on the LEFT side of the brain
48
Memory | Chart!
S
49
Four classes based on HZ
Alpha Waves - awake but relaxed Perfect rythm to me... Beta waves - awake and alert close together and then apart Theta waves- common in children Pointy waves and more space Delta waves - deep sleep Long wave hills
50
Consciousness
Encompass perception of sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement Clinical defined on continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli; alter ness, drowning stupor and coma
51
A breif loss of consciousness
Fainting or syncope
52
Brain death
Can't come out of a coma | Vegetables
53
Types of sleep eeg patterns
Awake R.E.M.- skeletal muscles ocular muscles are actively inhibited Dreaming occurs NREM STAGE 1 relaxation NREM stage 2 irregular eeg with sleep spindles NREM stage 3 sleep deepens NREM stage 4 sleepwalking night terror
54
Meninges
Cover and protect CNS Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses Contain Csf Form partitions in the skull Theee layers - dura arachnoid and pita matter
55
( Subarachnoid space ) Test question
Where the csf is located !!
56
Meningitis
Inflammation of meninges , spread to csf, leads to the head swelling , meningitis is usually diagnosed by observing microbes in a sample of csf obtained
57
In newborns there skulls are not fully ossified or formed sutures , they're there but are soft
Increase pressure causes head to enlarge
58
Blood brain barrier
No control over non polar substances coming across it . Carbon monoxide crosses very quickly and harms the brain. Has Tight junctions keeping separated from many blood borne substances
59
Alzheimer's
Protein buildup between or within the neuron . Both lead to altimeters or dementia
60
Parkinson's disease
Degeneration of dopamine- releasing neurons of substantia nigra The causes is unknown but theories include mitochondrial abnormalities . Causes tremors Treatment includes - L-dope precursor brain stimulation
61
Huntington's disease
Fatal hereditary disorder caused by a gene that codes for gluedemate. Too much gluedemate. People have this disorder that are repetive for gluedemate. Mild or severe depending on how many gene repeats we have. Symptoms- jerking movements, flapping Muscle deter Genetic disorder is in every cell and you can't change it
62
Spinal cord
Enclosed in vertebral column Beings at Forman magnum( base of the skull) Ends at L1-L2 Functions: Provides two way communication to and from brain and body Major reflex center - reflexes are imitated and completed by spinal cord
63
Spinal cord cont
Protected by one menegines Csf Spinal dura matter They take it from subarachnoid space for tests
64
Spinal nerves
Part of PNS 31 PAIRED ROOTS, ventral vs. dorsal Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements Never a
65
Canada enquine
Long set of nerves that continues after spinal cord
66
Two lengthwise grooves that run length of cord partically decide left and right Ventral( anterior) Dorsal( posterior)
Central and dorsal
67
Dorsal spinal horns
Interneurons ; somatic and visceral sensory
68
Ventral horn
Responsible for the MOTOR
69
Lateral
Thoracic and lumbar
70
Ventral roots Dorsal roots Dorsal ganglia Spinal nerves
From book
71
White matter
Both myelinated and non myelinated . They run in three directions . As sending Descending Side to side information
72
Spinal cord trauma
Localized injury to spinal cord and it's roots
73
Paresthesias
Sensory information are being affected Doris roots are damaged
74
Flaccid paralysis
Signals are never reaching the muscles . If not recovering they have atrophy
75
Spastic paralysis
Damage is in the brain
76
Paraplegia- transaction between t1 and t2 thorasic region
Quadriplegia - cervical region, can use arms or legsp
77
Poliomyelitis
Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons Muscles atrophy May develop polio syndrome
78
Cerebral palsy
Poorly paralyzed voluntary muscles Due to brain damage possible from lack of oxogen during birth Spasiity speech difficulties
79
Anencephaly
Cerebrum and part o the brain stem never develop
80
Spinal bodies
JACOB :)

Chapter 11 (2 decks)

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