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Chapter 11 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalization

A

Evolutionary development of rostral( anterior) portion of CNS

Result in increased number of neurons.

Highest level reached in human brain

Ex- anything with head, not a jellyfish

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2
Q

Adult brains have four regions

A
  1. Cerebral hemisphere
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem:
    Midbrain
    Pons
    Medulla
  4. Cerebellum
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3
Q

Brain and spinal cord have grey and white matter

A

Grey- nonmyelianated neuron

White both myelinated and non

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4
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid filled chambers that are continuous to one another to central canal of spinal cord

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5
Q

Csf

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

83% of brain mass

GYRI: ridges
SULCI- shallow grooves
FISSURE: DEEEP grooves

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7
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates two hemispheres

Very deep

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8
Q

Transverse fissure

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum seperates

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9
Q

5 lobes

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital 
Insula
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10
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates front and back

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11
Q

Precenteal gyrus

A

In front of the central sulcus

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12
Q

Central sulcus separates

A

Precenteal gyrus of frontal alobe and postcenral gyrus of parital lobe

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

“Executive suite”
Thin top layer ( grey) composed of cell bodies dendrites etc
Brain controls : awareness sensory perception , motor, memory
40% of brain mass

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14
Q

3 general areas of cerebral cortex

A

Motor areas- FRONTANTERIOR TO CENTRAL SULKI
sensory - is behind CENTRAL SULKI
Association- all over the place connections

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15
Q

Left side of brain and right side of body are connected

A

Contralateral. Opposite side of body

Ex- stroke

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16
Q

Lateralization

A

Only find one side of the brain that controls

Speak and interpretation is left side

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17
Q

Motor area

A

Found in frontal lobe control voluntary movement

Primary motor cortex in pre-central gyrus
Premotor cortex anterior to pre-central gyrus

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18
Q

Promoter cortex

A 
Moving forward( anterior) to the primary motor
Helps Learn repetitious motions
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19
Q

Brock’s area

A

Only on the left

Has to do with language, Making speech muscles

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20
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Control voluntary eye movement

I choose to look at the door

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21
Q

Damage to primary motor cortex as seen in a stroke, paralyzes muscles controlled in those areas

A

Paralysis occurs on the opposite site of the body

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22
Q

Sensory areas

A

Moving to the back( posture to central sulcus)
Occurs in lobes
Eight stages

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23
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located in post central gyri of parietal lobe

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24
Q

Association area any part of the brain means

A

Associating information from different places , interprets and understands

Ex: determining size, texture

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25
Q

Visual areas

A 
Primary visual( striate) moving backward 
It's on the occipital lobe
Taking information that the back of your eyes( Reyna) and interpreting

visual association
- recongnizing somones face

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26
Q

Auditory area

A

Superior of temporal lobes

Auditory association- learning sounds

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27
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

Posterior part of insula and adjacent partial cortex
Responiceble for balance , awareness
Deep in brain

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28
Q

Olfactory

A

Deep in brain

Associate with old smells that you know

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29
Q

Gustatory

Taste perception

A

Video real

Heart beat, bladder

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30
Q

Wernikjes area

A

Works with Broca’s area.
Giving meaning to the words you say
Only on left side

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31
Q

Lambic association

A

Emotions

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32
Q

Substancitia nigra

A

Base of nuclei and mid brain come together

Degeneration occurs and causes parkins disease

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33
Q

Medulla

A

Blends into spinal cord at formen magnum

Contains fourth ventricle
- continuation of central canal of spinal cord
Medulla ponds form central wall
Contains choroid plexus: capillary rich membrane that forms cerebral spinal fluid

34
Q

Functions of medulla oblongana

A

Autonomic reflex center - many functions overlap with hypothalamus

Functional groups of medulla include : cardiovascular center
- cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart concentration
Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter

35
Q

Respiratory centers:

Various other centers regulate

A

Generate respiratory rhythm
Control rate and depth of breathing

Vomiting 
Hiccups
Swallowing 
Coughing
Laughing 
Sneezing
36
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls motor activity

11% of brain mass

37
Q

Cerebellum fine tunes motor activity as follows

A

Receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contracts
- putting together signals
Thinking , emotion

38
Q

Lymbic

A

Emotion

39
Q

Lateralization of cortical functioning

A

Left- controls language math and logic

Right- visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic , musical skills
Hemispheres communicate

40
Q

Functional brain systems

A

Limbic

Reticular

41
Q

Limbic system

A

Connected by fiber tracts called fornix

42
Q

Limbic system

Amygdaloid -
Cingulate gyrus

A

Anger fear

43
Q

Limbo systems puts emotional responses to odors

A

Skunks smell bad

44
Q

Reticular formation

A

Extends through central core of brainstem

Three broad columns that run the length of the brain
Rap he
Medial
Lateral

45
Q

Rectiular activiating system

A

System of neurons that interpret unconscious .
Ex: some might study better in loud place ,

Filters out repetitive familiar or weak stimuli
Inhibited by sleep, alcohol , drugs
Severe injury can cause a permanent coma

46
Q

Higher mental functions

A 
Language
Memory
EEG
Consciousness
Sleep and sleep- wake cycles
47
Q

Language

A

Brocas area( motor area) - controlling the muscles that produce language

Wernickes area- interprets what your hearing

Located on the LEFT side of the brain

48
Q

Memory

Chart!

A

S

49
Q

Four classes based on HZ

A

Alpha Waves - awake but relaxed
Perfect rythm to me…
Beta waves - awake and alert close together and then apart

Theta waves- common in children
Pointy waves and more space

Delta waves - deep sleep
Long wave hills

50
Q

Consciousness

A

Encompass perception of sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement
Clinical defined on continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli; alter ness, drowning stupor and coma

51
Q

A breif loss of consciousness

A

Fainting or syncope

52
Q

Brain death

A

Can’t come out of a coma

Vegetables

53
Q

Types of sleep eeg patterns

A

Awake
R.E.M.- skeletal muscles ocular muscles are actively inhibited Dreaming occurs
NREM STAGE 1 relaxation
NREM stage 2 irregular eeg with sleep spindles
NREM stage 3 sleep deepens
NREM stage 4 sleepwalking night terror

54
Q

Meninges

A

Cover and protect CNS
Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
Contain Csf
Form partitions in the skull
Theee layers - dura arachnoid and pita matter

55
Q

( Subarachnoid space )

Test question

A

Where the csf is located !!

56
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges , spread to csf, leads to the head swelling , meningitis is usually diagnosed by observing microbes in a sample of csf obtained

57
Q

In newborns there skulls are not fully ossified or formed sutures , they’re there but are soft

A

Increase pressure causes head to enlarge

58
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

No control over non polar substances coming across it . Carbon monoxide crosses very quickly and harms the brain.
Has Tight junctions keeping separated from many blood borne substances

59
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Protein buildup between or within the neuron . Both lead to altimeters or dementia

60
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of dopamine- releasing neurons of substantia nigra
The causes is unknown but theories include mitochondrial abnormalities . Causes tremors
Treatment includes - L-dope precursor brain stimulation

61
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Fatal hereditary disorder caused by a gene that codes for gluedemate. Too much gluedemate. People have this disorder that are repetive for gluedemate. Mild or severe depending on how many gene repeats we have.
Symptoms- jerking movements, flapping
Muscle deter
Genetic disorder is in every cell and you can’t change it

62
Q

Spinal cord

A

Enclosed in vertebral column
Beings at Forman magnum( base of the skull)
Ends at L1-L2

Functions:
Provides two way communication to and from brain and body
Major reflex center - reflexes are imitated and completed by spinal cord

63
Q

Spinal cord cont

A

Protected by one menegines
Csf
Spinal dura matter
They take it from subarachnoid space for tests

64
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Part of PNS
31 PAIRED ROOTS, ventral vs. dorsal
Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
Never a

65
Q

Canada enquine

A

Long set of nerves that continues after spinal cord

66
Q

Two lengthwise grooves that run length of cord partically decide left and right

Ventral( anterior)
Dorsal( posterior)

A

Central and dorsal

67
Q

Dorsal spinal horns

A

Interneurons ; somatic and visceral sensory

68
Q

Ventral horn

A

Responsible for the MOTOR

69
Q

Lateral

A

Thoracic and lumbar

70
Q

Ventral roots
Dorsal roots
Dorsal ganglia
Spinal nerves

A

From book

71
Q

White matter

A

Both myelinated and non myelinated . They run in three directions .
As sending
Descending
Side to side information

72
Q

Spinal cord trauma

A

Localized injury to spinal cord and it’s roots

73
Q

Paresthesias

A

Sensory information are being affected Doris roots are damaged

74
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Signals are never reaching the muscles . If not recovering they have atrophy

75
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

Damage is in the brain

76
Q

Paraplegia- transaction between t1 and t2 thorasic region

A

Quadriplegia - cervical region, can use arms or legsp

77
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons
Muscles atrophy
May develop polio syndrome

78
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Poorly paralyzed voluntary muscles
Due to brain damage possible from lack of oxogen during birth
Spasiity speech difficulties

79
Q

Anencephaly

A

Cerebrum and part o the brain stem never develop

80
Q

Spinal bodies

A

JACOB :)

Chapter 11 (2 decks)

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