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Chapter 11 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Cells communicate by electrical and chemical signals.

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2
Q

The nervous system has three overlapping functions :

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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3
Q

Sensory input

A

The gathered information

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4
Q

Integration

A

Decides what should be done at each moment

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5
Q

Motor output

A

Activates effector organs the muscle and glands to cause response

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord.
Integration information and control center
All in dorsal part of body cavity

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

“Nerves” extending from brain and spinal cord.
Cranial nerves- from brain
Nervous system outside of the brain

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8
Q

Two functions of peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory

Motor:

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9
Q

Efferent (motor)

A

Information coming from brain and spinal to affected organ

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10
Q

Neuroglia

A

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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11
Q

Neurons

A

Respond to stimuli , send electrical signals

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12
Q

Neuroglia in CNS 4 types :

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Astrocytes :

A

Most abundant and versatile .
Functions : cling to neurons and synaptic endings. Support and brace neurons . Guide migrations of young neurons

Connected by gap junctions - signal by calcium waves

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14
Q

Microglia

A

Small and thorny

Touch nearby neurons, monitoring health , if injured they send microglia to migrate

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15
Q

Ependymal

A

They line the central cavities of the brain and between cerebrospinal fluid.

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Line up along the thicker nerve fibers in the cns

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17
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround the neuron located in PNS

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18
Q

Schwann

A

Form myelin sheaths surround nerve fibers

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19
Q

Nerve cells

A

Largely specialized cells
Extremely long
Amitotic
Needs a lot of oxygen and glucose

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20
Q

Cell body soma

A

Lots of rough ER
Synthesis proteins , membranes , chemicals

Contains neucliolis

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21
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron cells body’s in CNS

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22
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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23
Q

Neuron process

A

Armlike process extend from the cell body of all neurons contain both neuron cell bodies in process

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24
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of neuron process in CNS and NERVES. In PNS

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25
Q

Dendrites

A

The main receptive or input regions. Provide surface area for receiving signals from other neurons

Convey incoming messages toward the cell body

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26
Q

Two types of neuron process

A

Dendrites and axons

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27
Q

Calcium

A

Keep potassium pump stable

28
Q

Action potentioal

A

Long distance , only based on charge

29
Q

Structure of neuron

A

Between each bead on axon is the only ion transfer. Where sodium and potassium can be exchanged

30
Q

Depolarization

A

Decrease in membrane potential. The inside of the membrane becomes less negative( moves closer to Zero)

Changing from -70V to -65V

31
Q

Hyper polarization

A

Very fast drop , increase in membrane potentioal , moves further from Zero.

-70 to -75

32
Q

Graded potential

A

Incoming signals that aren’t strong and very short

33
Q

Slightly positive charge causes

A

Once gated ion channel opens, depolarization spreads from one area of a membrane to another

34
Q

When receptor of sensory neuron is excited by ( heat light or other),

A

receptor potential or generator potential

35
Q

Action potential :

FOUR MAIN STEPS

A

1 .) Resting state: All hated channels are shut. LEAK CHANNELS are open.
2.) DEPOLARIZATION Na+ channels open

  1. ) Repolarization- NA channels are inactivated and k+ channels are open.
  2. ) hyperpolarization- Some K+ channels remain open and NA channels reset.
36
Q

Threshold

A

Critical level for depolarization.

-55 to -50

37
Q

Action potential

A

Reversal of membrane of about 100v ( -70 to 30)

38
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Only generated by axons

39
Q

All or nothing

A

AP either happens completely or doesn’t happen at all

40
Q

Propagation

A

Keeps action potential going.

41
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Electric signals appear to jump from gap to gap along the axon

42
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Very slow,

43
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

The autoimmune disease as a result of immune system attack on myelin proteins and affects mostly young adults

44
Q

Synaptic delay

A

Time for neurotransmitter to be released across synapse and bind to receptor

45
Q

Electrical synopsis

A

Some neurons can be electrically coupled : where ions can be shared through gap junctions

Found in brain - eye movements
And embryonic tissues

46
Q

Two types of postsynapic potentials

A

Excitation potsybaptic - cause it to do something

Ipsp- inhibitory - close channel

Epsp
Ipsp

47
Q

Another way to stop signal that is sent

What causes a signal to keep going ?

A
  1. ) it reached a threshold by taking sodium ions and it had to keep going.
  2. ) get hyperpolarized- either the intake of chloride or potassium channels leaves. Create negative to leave
48
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Do to electrical difference.
Allows flow of sodium and potassium in opposite directions.

Something is happening.

49
Q

Inhibitory

A

Potassium is leaving cell or chloride is coming in to create negative and that creates hyperpolarization.

50
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Below threshold

51
Q

Summation

A

One fires after another,

52
Q

Temporal summation

Spatial summation

A

One signal being sent over and over by the same neuron .

Many neurons sending to same effector. P

53
Q

Acedocholine

A

Involved with sending signals to muscle cells

Broken down

54
Q

Biogenetic amines
Catecholamines-
Dopamine
Indolknes

A

Indolamknes

Functions- emotional, internal clock, cause mental I’ll esss

55
Q

Amino scores

A

Glutamate
Aspartame
Glycine
GABA

56
Q

Peptides

A

P- reglutates pain
Endorphins - reduce pain perception
Gut-brain peptides- digestion

57
Q

Discharge zone

A

Neurons are close together

More likely to be getting signals from each other

58
Q

Facilitated some

A

Still receive signals but is slower because they are farther away

59
Q

Serial processing

A

One pathway where one neuron signals the next and the next

EXAMPLE FOR TEST
SPINAL REFLEX

60
Q

Reflex arch TEST QUESTION

5 components

A 
Receptor getting signal (sensory)
Sensory neuron
CNS integrated center
Motor neuron
Effector

Ex: placing hand on nail. Very fast

61
Q

Study figure 11.22 A sample reflex arch

A 
5 steps 
Receptor
Sensory
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector
62
Q

Parallel processing

A

Ex: smell something and it causes you to think about a memory, visual.

Input travels along several pathways

63
Q

Circuits

A

Patterns of synaptic connections in neuronal pools

64
Q

TEST. Divergent circuit

A

Many outputs

example- one neuron in brain can signal a bunch of muscle fibers.

65
Q

Converging circuit

A

Many inputs and ONE output.

EXAMPLE- you see a picture of an apple in the tv and you can almost taste it. It’s a memory.

66
Q

Reverberating circuit

A

It’s a circular thing. Each neuron is feeding back into previous neurons

Ex-

67
Q

Parallel after discharge

A

Ex- using more sophisticated thinking . Math problems

Chapter 11 (2 decks)

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