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Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Cells communicate by electrical and chemical signals.

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2
Q

The nervous system has three overlapping functions :

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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3
Q

Sensory input

A

The gathered information

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4
Q

Integration

A

Decides what should be done at each moment

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5
Q

Motor output

A

Activates effector organs the muscle and glands to cause response

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord.
Integration information and control center
All in dorsal part of body cavity

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

“Nerves” extending from brain and spinal cord.
Cranial nerves- from brain
Nervous system outside of the brain

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8
Q

Two functions of peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory

Motor:

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9
Q

Efferent (motor)

A

Information coming from brain and spinal to affected organ

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10
Q

Neuroglia

A

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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11
Q

Neurons

A

Respond to stimuli , send electrical signals

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12
Q

Neuroglia in CNS 4 types :

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Astrocytes :

A

Most abundant and versatile .
Functions : cling to neurons and synaptic endings. Support and brace neurons . Guide migrations of young neurons

Connected by gap junctions - signal by calcium waves

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14
Q

Microglia

A

Small and thorny

Touch nearby neurons, monitoring health , if injured they send microglia to migrate

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15
Q

Ependymal

A

They line the central cavities of the brain and between cerebrospinal fluid.

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Line up along the thicker nerve fibers in the cns

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17
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround the neuron located in PNS

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18
Q

Schwann

A

Form myelin sheaths surround nerve fibers

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19
Q

Nerve cells

A

Largely specialized cells
Extremely long
Amitotic
Needs a lot of oxygen and glucose

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20
Q

Cell body soma

A

Lots of rough ER
Synthesis proteins , membranes , chemicals

Contains neucliolis

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21
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron cells body’s in CNS

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22
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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23
Q

Neuron process

A

Armlike process extend from the cell body of all neurons contain both neuron cell bodies in process

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24
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of neuron process in CNS and NERVES. In PNS

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25
Dendrites
The main receptive or input regions. Provide surface area for receiving signals from other neurons Convey incoming messages toward the cell body
26
Two types of neuron process
Dendrites and axons
27
Calcium
Keep potassium pump stable
28
Action potentioal
Long distance , only based on charge
29
Structure of neuron
Between each bead on axon is the only ion transfer. Where sodium and potassium can be exchanged
30
Depolarization
Decrease in membrane potential. The inside of the membrane becomes less negative( moves closer to Zero) Changing from -70V to -65V
31
Hyper polarization
Very fast drop , increase in membrane potentioal , moves further from Zero. -70 to -75
32
Graded potential
Incoming signals that aren't strong and very short
33
Slightly positive charge causes
Once gated ion channel opens, depolarization spreads from one area of a membrane to another
34
When receptor of sensory neuron is excited by ( heat light or other),
receptor potential or generator potential
35
Action potential : FOUR MAIN STEPS
1 .) Resting state: All hated channels are shut. LEAK CHANNELS are open. 2.) DEPOLARIZATION Na+ channels open 3. ) Repolarization- NA channels are inactivated and k+ channels are open. 4. ) hyperpolarization- Some K+ channels remain open and NA channels reset.
36
Threshold
Critical level for depolarization. | -55 to -50
37
Action potential
Reversal of membrane of about 100v ( -70 to 30)
38
Nerve impulse
Only generated by axons
39
All or nothing
AP either happens completely or doesn't happen at all
40
Propagation
Keeps action potential going.
41
Saltatory conduction
Electric signals appear to jump from gap to gap along the axon
42
Continuous conduction
Very slow,
43
Multiple sclerosis
The autoimmune disease as a result of immune system attack on myelin proteins and affects mostly young adults
44
Synaptic delay
Time for neurotransmitter to be released across synapse and bind to receptor
45
Electrical synopsis
Some neurons can be electrically coupled : where ions can be shared through gap junctions Found in brain - eye movements And embryonic tissues
46
Two types of postsynapic potentials
Excitation potsybaptic - cause it to do something Ipsp- inhibitory - close channel Epsp Ipsp
47
Another way to stop signal that is sent What causes a signal to keep going ?
2. ) it reached a threshold by taking sodium ions and it had to keep going. 1. ) get hyperpolarized- either the intake of chloride or potassium channels leaves. Create negative to leave
48
Excitatory synapse
Do to electrical difference. Allows flow of sodium and potassium in opposite directions. Something is happening.
49
Inhibitory
Potassium is leaving cell or chloride is coming in to create negative and that creates hyperpolarization.
50
Hyperpolarization
Below threshold
51
Summation
One fires after another,
52
Temporal summation | Spatial summation
One signal being sent over and over by the same neuron . Many neurons sending to same effector. P
53
Acedocholine
Involved with sending signals to muscle cells Broken down
54
Biogenetic amines Catecholamines- Dopamine Indolknes
Indolamknes Functions- emotional, internal clock, cause mental I'll esss
55
Amino scores
Glutamate Aspartame Glycine GABA
56
Peptides
P- reglutates pain Endorphins - reduce pain perception Gut-brain peptides- digestion
57
Discharge zone
Neurons are close together | More likely to be getting signals from each other
58
Facilitated some
Still receive signals but is slower because they are farther away
59
Serial processing
One pathway where one neuron signals the next and the next EXAMPLE FOR TEST SPINAL REFLEX
60
Reflex arch TEST QUESTION | 5 components
``` Receptor getting signal (sensory) Sensory neuron CNS integrated center Motor neuron Effector ``` Ex: placing hand on nail. Very fast
61
Study figure 11.22 A sample reflex arch
``` 5 steps Receptor Sensory Integration center Motor neuron Effector ```
62
Parallel processing
Ex: smell something and it causes you to think about a memory, visual. Input travels along several pathways
63
Circuits
Patterns of synaptic connections in neuronal pools
64
TEST. Divergent circuit
Many outputs example- one neuron in brain can signal a bunch of muscle fibers.
65
Converging circuit
Many inputs and ONE output. EXAMPLE- you see a picture of an apple in the tv and you can almost taste it. It's a memory.
66
Reverberating circuit
It's a circular thing. Each neuron is feeding back into previous neurons Ex-
67
Parallel after discharge
Ex- using more sophisticated thinking . Math problems

Chapter 11 (2 decks)

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