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PSYC 1105 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

The unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour

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2
Q

Personality Structure

A

Conscious Mind
Preconcious Mind
Unconscious Mind

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3
Q

Conscious Mind

A

Thoughts and feelings that we are aware of at any given moment

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4
Q

Preconcious Mind

A

Contains thoughts, memories and ideas tat can be easily brought into the conscious mind

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5
Q

Unconscious Mind

A

Most of the content of our minds, we are unaware of this content and cannot become aware of it except underspecial circumstances

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6
Q

Central forces in Personality development

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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7
Q

Id

A
  • Basic instinctual drives (eating, sleeping, sex, comfort)

- Resides largely in unconscious

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8
Q

Ego

A
  • Satisfy the drives of the id while complying with the constraints place on behaviour by the environment
  • Develops due to learning that impulses of Id cannot always be met
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9
Q

Superego

A
  • In charge of determining which impulses are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable
  • Devlops as we observe and internalize the behaviours of others in our culture
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10
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Stages in the development of personality, influenced by sexuality and aggression

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11
Q

What are the Psychosexual Stages?

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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12
Q

Oral

A

0-18 months
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Conflict: Weaning
Symptoms: Dependency on pleasures of the mouth, dependence on mother

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13
Q

Anal

A

18 months - 3 years
Erogenous Zone: Anus
Conflict: Toilet training
Symptoms: Excessive neatness, orderliness, stubbornness, stingy, controlling

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14
Q

Phallic

A

3-6 years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Conflict: Attraction to opposite sex parent
Symptoms: Sexual role rigidity or confusion

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15
Q

Latency

A

6 years- puberty
Erogenous Zone: None
Conflict: Repression of sexual impulses, identification with same sex parent
Symptoms: No fixations

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16
Q

Genital

A

Puberty - Adulthood
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Conflict: Establishing mature sexual relations and emotional intimacy
Symptoms: Sexual dysfunction and unsatisfactory relationships

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17
Q

Neurosis

A

Abnormal behaviour pattern caused by unresolved conflicts between the id, ego and superego

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18
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety

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19
Q

Repression

A
  • The most basic defense mechanism

- Process of keepig unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind

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20
Q

Denial

A
  • A defense mechanism

- Process of refusing to recognize an existing

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21
Q

Other Defense Mechanisms

A 
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Projection
Displacement
Sublimation
Regression
Identification
Intellectualization
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22
Q

Maslow

A

Humanistic Psychology
Studied well-adjusted individuals
Self-actualization

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23
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Focuses on positive experiences and healthy mental functioning

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24
Q

Personality Traits

A

Tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations
General disposition

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25
Q

Central Traits

A

People have innate tendencies to respond to situations in certain ways (traits)
These tendencies can be linked together to form broad habits (central traits)
Such principles can be used to form the foundation of a scientifically testable theory

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26
Q

Superfactors

A

A fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster of personailty traits
Each person displays certain degree of each superfactor

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27
Q

Examples of Superfactors

A

Extroversion
Neuroticism
Psychoticism

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28
Q

Extroversion

A

The degree to which a person is outgoing and enjoys interacting with others

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29
Q

Neuroticism

A

The degree to which a person tends to experience negative emotions (mental instability)

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30
Q

Psycnoticism

A

The degree to which a person is vulnerable to developing the serious disorders known as psychoses - Contact with reality is lost in key ways

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31
Q

Five Factor Model

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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32
Q

Situationalism

A

The view that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits

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33
Q

Interactionist

A

A view emphasizing the relationsip between a person’s underlying personality traits and the reinforcing aspects of the situations in which they choose to put themselves

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34
Q

Social Psychology

A

Seeks to understand, explain and predict how people’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced bu the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

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35
Q

Social Cognition

A

The way in which people perceive and interpret themeslves and others in their social world

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36
Q

Attitudes

A

Relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people

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37
Q

ABC Model of Attitudes

A

A model proposing that attituds have three components:
Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive

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38
Q

Affective Component

A

How we feel toward an object

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39
Q

Behavioural Component

A

How we behave toward an object

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40
Q

Cognitive Component

A

What we believe about an objec

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41
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour

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42
Q

Self Perception Theory

A

A theory suggesting that when people are uncertain of their attitudes, they infer what the attitudes are by observing their own behaviour

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43
Q

Implicit Attitude

A

An attitude of which the person in unaware

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44
Q

IAT (Implicit Attitudes Test)

A

Assesses attitudes by measuring reaction times and the strength of implicit associations people have in minds

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45
Q

Four Stages of IAT

A
  1. Exposed to Broad Categories and asked to categorize words into categories
  2. Asked to categorize words as pleasant or unpleasant
  3. Categories are combined
  4. Categories are reversed
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46
Q

Stereotypes

A

Fixed overgeneralization and oversimplified belief about a person or a group of people based on assumptions about the group

47
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative and unjust feelings about individuals based on their inclusion in a particular group

48
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

A theory that emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice

49
Q

How does Prejudice Emerge according to Social Identity Theory

A

Social Categorization
Social Identity
Social comparison

50
Q

Social Categorization

A

Person affiliates with a particular group as a way of figuring out how to act and react in the world

51
Q

Social Identity

A

Person forms an identity within the group

52
Q

Social Comparison

A

The group member compares the group favourable with other groups, and in turn derives a sense of positive well-being from looking at himself as superior in some way

53
Q

Attributions

A

Casual explanations of behaviour

54
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people

55
Q

Actor-Observer Effect

A

The discrepancy between how we explain other people’s behaviour (dispositonally) and how we explain our own behaviour (situationally)

56
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

The tendency people have to attribute their successes to internal causes and their failures to external ones

57
Q

Milgram’s Experiment

A

Shocking one

58
Q

Asch Studies

A

Conformity

59
Q

Group performing Additive Task

A

Members perform parallel actions

Group productivity increases directly with group size

60
Q

Group performing Conjunctive Task

A

As productive as weakest member

Greater number of people does not mean better performance

61
Q

Group performing Disjunctive Task

A

Single solution, large groups are more productive

62
Q

Group Performing Divisible Tasks

A

Simultaneous performance of several different activities, Larger groups are more productive

63
Q

Social Facillitation

A

An effect in which the presence of others enhances performance

64
Q

Social Loafing

A

A phenomenon in which people exert less effort on a comparable task than they would on a comparable individual task (free-riding)
When members all desire and value membership in group it disappears

65
Q

Group Polarization

A

The intensification of an initial tendency of individual group members brought about by group discussion

66
Q

Group Think

A

A form of faulty group decision making that occurs when group members strive for unanimity, and this goal overrides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action

67
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

Scientific study of psychological disorders

68
Q

Abnormality D’s

A

Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger

69
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour, thoughts and emotions are considered abnormal when they differ from a society’s ideas about proper functioning

70
Q

Distress

A

Behaviours, ideas or emotions usually must also cause distress or unhapiness

71
Q

Dysfunction

A

Behaviour tends to interfere with daily functioning

72
Q

Danger

A

Some people become dangerous to themselves or others

73
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Major Depressive Disorder

Bipolar disorder

74
Q

Depression

A

A persistent sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming

75
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Periods of mania alternate with periods of depression

76
Q

Mania

A

A persistent state of euphoria or frenzied energy

77
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

78
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which people feel excessive anxiety and worry under most circumstances

79
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which people feel severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

80
Q

Phobias

A

A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity or situation

81
Q

Panic Attacks

A

Periodic, short bouts of panic

82
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An Anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks that occur without apparent provocation

83
Q

Agoraphobia

A

A phobia that makes people avoid public places or situation in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable should panic symptoms develop

84
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

A mental disorder associated with repeated, abnormal anxiety provoking thoughts and/or repeated rigid behaviours

85
Q

Acute Stress Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event an last less than a month

86
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event

87
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A 
PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder
OCD
Panic Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
General Anxiety Disorder
88
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality and sometimes hallucinations

89
Q

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Represent pathological excesses in behaviour: delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations
Not seen in people who do not have the disorder

90
Q

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Reflect pathological deficits, including poverty of speech, flat affect, loss of volition and social withdraws
Characteristics that are lacking in an individual but are seen in individuals without the disorder

91
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Affected cognitive functions: memory, executive function, attention, working memory and intelligence

92
Q

Biological Treatments

A

Drug Therapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Psychosurgery

93
Q

Psychotropic Drugs

A

Medications that act primarily on the brain

94
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking

95
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that lift the mood of depressed people

96
Q

Mood Stabilizing Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder

97
Q

Antianxiety Drugs

A

Psychotropic drugs that reduce tension and anxiety

98
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Use of electric shock to trigger a brain seizure in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning

99
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Brain surgery often used in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning

100
Q

Trephining

A

Prehistoric practice of chipping a hole in the skull as a treatment for various brain conditions

101
Q

Lobotomy

A

Surgical practice of cutting the connections between the frontal lobe and the lower centres of the brain

102
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

A procedure in which implanted electrodes deliver constant low stimulation to a small area of the brain; used to treat severe depression, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy

103
Q

Psychoanalysis Therapy

A

An insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through a variety of techniques.
Comes from Psychodynamic Theory
More helpful with anxiety than schizophrenia

104
Q

Behavioural Therapy

A

Therapy based on the application of learning principles to human behavior. It focuses on changing overt behaviors rather than on understanding subjective feelings, unconscious processes, or motivations. It attempts to replace undesirable behaviors with more adaptive ones.

105
Q

Techniques used by Beahvioural Therapists

A

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Skills Training
Modelling

106
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapies

A

An insight therapy that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and adaptive beliefs.

107
Q

Propositions of Cognitive Therapy

A

Cognitive activity affects behavior
Cognitive activity can be monitored
Behaviour changes can be effected through cognitive changes

108
Q

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy

A

Ellis’s therapy technique designed to help clients discover and change the irrational assumptions that govern their emotions, behaviours and thinking

109
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Beck’s cognitive therapy technique designed to help clients recognize and change their dysfunctional thoughts and ways of thinking

110
Q

Humanistic and Existential Therapies

A

Client Centered Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Existential Therapy

111
Q

Client Centered Therapy

A

Humanistic therapy designed to help clients experience unconditional positive regard and look at themselves honestly and acceptingly

112
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A

Move clients toward self recognition and self acceptance and do this by challenging and frustrating the clients

113
Q

Existential Therapy

A

Encourage clients to accept responsibility for their lives and their problems, recognize their freedom

PSYC 1105 (2 decks)

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