chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

study of the causes and consequences of sociality; how humans think about, relate to, and influence others.

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2
Q

social behavior

A

how people interact with each other; driven by context. subjective perceptions, not objective reality, guide our behavior

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3
Q

social influence

A

how people change each other

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4
Q

social cognition

A

how people think about each other

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5
Q

aggression

A

behavior whose purpose is to harm another and get the resources they desire

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6
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

suggests animals aggress when their desires are frustrated. ex: chimp wants banana (desire), pelican is about to take it (frustration) and chimp threatens with hand (aggression).

some argue hypothesis doesn’t go far enough and that actual cause of aggressive behavior is a negative affect (of feeling bad) and frustrated desire is just one of many things that can induce it.

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7
Q

biology plays a role in frustration-aggression

A

studies show men are more likely to be aggressive not only due to socialization but testosterone. one way to illicit aggression in men is to challenge their dominance (high esteemed men often view other’s actions as a threat to their dominance). women are way less likely to agree w/o provocation or aggress in ways that cause physical injury but are only slightly less to agress when provoked or aggress in ways that cause psychological harm (rumors).

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8
Q

culture plays a role in frustration-aggression

A

violent crime more common in south where trend of notions of honor require them to act aggressive when challenged (south man would act agressive vs north man who wouldn’t wen insulted).

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9
Q

cooperation

A

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit (but everyone has to cooperate or everyone else pays a price aka prisoner’s dilemma).

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10
Q

group

A

collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others. generally trust each other to be honest, fair, and nice.

individual behavior is influenced by the presence of others; individual behavior may also influence the behavior of the group.

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11
Q

prejudice

A

positive or negative evaluation/attitude toward another person based on the person’s group membership. // unjustifiable, often unconscious, attitude toward a group and its members.

schema: beliefs, emotions, predisposition to act. can take implicit association test.

social inequalities and divisions increase prejudice.

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12
Q

discrimination

A

positive or negative behavior toward another person based on the person’s group membership.

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13
Q

group members

A

are positively prejudiced toward fellow members and tend to discriminate in their favor (even in simple groups like favorite color).

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14
Q

group decisions

A

rarely make better decisions than the best member would’ve done alone and generally their decisions are worse. groups often give too little weight to experts and more to those with status.

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15
Q

common knowledge effect

A

tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share (even though unknown info is usually more important and vital to the conversation).

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16
Q

group polarization (already like minded)

A

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone (bc they are exposed to so many different arguments in favor of a single position). become more alike through interaction.

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17
Q

groupthink

A

tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony (groups often make poor decisions to achieve it).

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18
Q

deindividuation

A

when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values/presence (don’t care what you look like). more likely to adapt to group values. can reduce personal inhibitions.

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19
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility or their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way. own contribution is less likely to be noticed.

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20
Q

bystander intervention/effect

A

act of helping strangers in an emergency situation - reveals people are less likely to help when there are many others present.

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21
Q

groups = happiness

A

groups are key to happiness and well being; being excluded makes us lonely, anxious, and depressed.

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22
Q

altruism

A

behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself. behaviors often have hidden agendas though, such as alerting others to danger promotes the survival of its relatives and promotes the survival of it’s own genes.

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23
Q

kin selection

A

process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.

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24
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

coop w/ unrelated individuals isn’t truly altruistic. behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future. “cooperation extended over time”

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25
Q

humans & altruism

A

can only ever be truly altruistic, such as holding open a door.

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26
Q

selectivity

A

women tend to be more selective than men in picking mates. men produce billions of sperm and their ability to conceive a child has no significant physical costs while women produce only a small number of eggs and conception eliminates their ability to conceive for 9 months. pregnancy also increases nutritional requirements and puts them at a risk of illness and death.

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27
Q

attraction

A

research suggests this is caused by situational, physical, and psychological factors.

28
Q

attraction: situational factors

A

most people end up marrying someone who they’ve lined, worked, or went to school with.

29
Q

mere exposure effect

A

tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure.

30
Q

attraction: physical factors

A

one study found a man’s height and a woman’s weight are among the best predictors of how many responses their ads received. another study showed that physical attractiveness was the only factor that predicted the online dating choices of wo/men. good looking people have more sex, fun, friends, 10% more money, and mothers share a better relationship with their attractive children. cultures vary on what height/weight is attractive but face symmetry always is. studies show people marry those as attractive as they are.

31
Q

attraction: psychological factors

A

people’s inner qualities, personalities, point of view, attitudes, beliefs, values, ambitions, and abilities, play an important roles in determining their sustained interest in each other. most attracted to those that are similar.

32
Q

passionate love

A

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction. brings people together, diminishes in a few months.

33
Q

compassionate love

A

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well being. keeps people together.

34
Q

social exchange

A

the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits.

benefits: sex, love, financial security
costs: responsibility, conflict, loss of freedom

35
Q

cost-benefit ratio

A

acceptableness of any cost-benefit ratio depends on alternative available - when we feel like it is the best we can do in the situation we’re in we stay in the relationship. people may want their ratios to be high, but they also want them roughly the same as their partner’s (distressed when their ratios are different or even more favorable). people are willing to settle for less favorable ratios because relationships take so much time to develop.

36
Q

social influence

A

control of one person’s behavior by another. humans have 3 basic motivations: to experience pleasure and avoid pain (hedonic motive), to be accepted and avoid being rejected (approval motive), and to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong (accuracy motive).

37
Q

hedonic motive

A

creating situations in which others can achieve more pleasure doing what we want them to do than by doing something else (which could get a punishment). rewards/punishments can backfire if they can one one day and not one the next (might not repeat behavior). threatening messages may cause people to rebel (saying do not write here under any circumstances causes ppl to disobey)

38
Q

norms (approval motive)

A

customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by remembers of a culture. learn easily and obey so others don’t disapprove.

39
Q

norm of reciprocity (approval motive)

A

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them.

40
Q

normative influence (approval motive)

A

phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behavior provides info about what is appropriate.

41
Q

conformity (approval motive)

A

the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it, results in part form normative influence. experiment where actors + one participant were asked to match lines.w hen actors started giving wrong answers, participant did too, even though they perceived it correctly.

42
Q

obedience tendency (approval motive)

A

to do what authorities tell us to do. much of their influence is normative.

milgram experiment: participant played role of a teacher and actor played a role of learner. teacher read words into a microphone and if learner made a mistake, they would be “shocked”. with every shock, their screams got louder, but the experimenter never stopped even tho the participant/teacher asked. experimenter never threatened to go on, just had a calm demeanor + persistent instruction caused participants to obey what was appropriate in this situation. 62% went all the way, 80% continued to shock.

43
Q

accuracy motive

A

actions rely on attitude (! (tells us what to do), enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event, and a belief (!), an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event (tells us how to do it).

44
Q

informational influence (accuracy motive)

A

phenomenon that occurs when a person’s behavior provides info about what is true.

45
Q

persuasion (accuracy motive)

A

a phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.

46
Q

systematic persuasion (accuracy motive)

A

process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason. when highly motivated (more effective); strength of argument.

47
Q

heuristic persuasion (accuracy motive)

A

refers to process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion. not motivated (more effective); status of speaker.

48
Q

foot-in-the-door technique (accuracy motive)

A

social influence technique that involves making a small request before making a large request. ex: say yes to a petition for safe driving, less likely to say no to a sign in their yard as that would be inconsistent.

49
Q

cognitive dissonance (accuracy motive)

A

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs (safe driving petition/sign).

one way to relieve this is to restore consistency (saying yes to sign). if small consistencies are justified by large consistencies, then cognitive dissonance does not occur (won’t tell friend her haircut is bad because you’re suppose to be nice to your friends).

50
Q

social cognition

A

the process by which people come to understand others.

51
Q

stereotyping

A

process by which people draw inferences about people based on their knowledge or the categories to which those people belong

52
Q
  1. stereotypes can be inaccurate
A

mistaken beliefs are result of listening too closely to what others tell them. in process of inheriting wisdom or our culture, it’s inevitable we’ll inherit some of it’s ignorance. (saying all Jews are greedy for ex)

53
Q
  1. stereotypes can be overused
A

inherent variability of human categories makes stereotypes less useful than they seem. males may, on avg, have greater upper body strength, but individuals within vary a lot.

act of categorization can cause us to underestimate the variability within those categories (“All artists are flaky”) and overestimate the variability between them (“artists are much flakier than accountants”).

54
Q
  1. stereotypes can be self perpetuating
A

stereotypes can bias our perceptions, leading us to believe that those stereotypes have been confirmed when actually they have not.

55
Q

perceptual confirmation (stereotype 3)

A

tendency for people to see what they expect to see; helps promote stereotypes. (for ex: thinking a basketball player is better, but less intelligent, if black vs white).

56
Q

conforming to stereotypes (3)

A

stereotypes can cause other people to behave in ways that actually do confirm to those stereotypes we hold about them.

experiment: some asked to list race at the top of their test. when they did, african americans performed under their academic level due to anxiety to confirming a negative stereotype but when they didn’t, they performed at their level.

57
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy (3)

A

tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave.

58
Q
  1. stereotyping can be unconscious and automatic
A

don’t always know we’re doing or and often we can’t even avoid doing it.

study: video game where participants were briefly show images of black/white men holding guns/cameras. even though they flashed so fast, both white + black participants unconsciously made stereotypes + shot black men w/ cameras more often and failed to shoot white men w/ guns. stereotyping can be stopped from influencing behavior with effort and training (police for ex).

59
Q

attribution

A

an inference about the cause of a person’s behavior. research shows it’s hard to decide between situation and dispositional attributions.

60
Q

situation attributions

A

when we decide a person’s behavior was caused by some temp. aspect of the situation in which is occurred.

61
Q

dispositional attributions

A

when we deicde a person’s behavior was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way.

62
Q

correspondence bias

A

tendency to make dispositional attributions instead of situational attributions. more prone when judging other’s behaviors than when judging our own.

63
Q

actor-observer effect

A

tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others. typically occurs because people know more about their own situations that caused their behavior.

64
Q

social loafing

A

when performing with a group, less likely to exert as much effort as alone.

65
Q

social facilitation

A

more likely to follow someone else. we perform faster/better in the presence of others. if new task, you might not perform too well due to stress

66
Q

emotional scapegoating (prejudice)

A

outlet of anger for particular situations (after 9/11, go after Muslims because anger at a few terrorists).