Chapter 12 Flashcards
Biotechnology
The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful product, as a modern Field, but it dates back to dawn of civilization.b
DNA technology
Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material
Recombinant DNA
Results when scientists combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule.
Genetic engineering
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
GMO’s
Organisms that have acquired one or more genes artificially
Transgenic organism
A newly acquired gene is from another organism, typically another species the recombinant organism is a transgenic organism.
Plasmids
Small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome
Gene cloning
The production of multiple identical copies of a gene carrying piece of DNA
Vectors
Gene carriers
Clone
A group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell
Restriction enzymes
The cutting tools used for making recombinant DNA are bacterial enzymes
Restriction fragments
The restriction enzyme cuts the DNA strands between the bases A and G within the recognition sequence producing peices of DNA
DNA ligase
The union between the blue and green fragments is then made permanent by the “pasting” enzyme
Genomic library
A complete set of an organisms genes
Nucleic acid probe
Used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA
DNA profiling
The analysis of DNA of samples to determine wheatear they come from the same individual
Genetic markers
Sequences in the genome that very from person to person
Polymerase chain reaction
Technique by which a specific segment of DNA can be targeted and copied quickly and precisely
Repetitive DNA
Makes up much of the DNA that like between genes in humans, consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome
Short tandem repeat
DNA consists of short sequences repeated many times tandemly
STR analysis
A method of DNA profiling that compares the lengths of STR sequences at a certain sites in the genome
Gel electrophoresis
A method for sorting macromolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, primarily by their electrical charge and size
Genomics
The study of complete sets of genes, was born
Human genome project
A massive scientific endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome to identify the location the sequence of every gene
Proteomics
Systematic studies of the full protein sets that genomes encode
Human gene therapy
A recombinant DNA procedure intended to treat disease by altering an afflicted persons genes
