Chapter 12 Flashcards
What are personality disorders?
persistent patterns of dysfunction that violate cultural and developmental norms, causing functional impairment across domains of functioning. Personality disorders:
1. Manifest as an enduring pattern of maladaptive behaviours that become trait-like
2. Symptoms may represent extreme presentations of typical personality traits
Five factor model of personality (FFM)
OCEAN
1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
What premises are dimensional frameworks founded on?
Dimensional frameworks are founded on the premise that:
1. Personality traits are continuously distributed in populations
2. Personality pathology reflects extreme variants of typical personality traits
What is the categorical approach to personality pathology?
Maladaptive personality functioning is assumed to manifest as a number of discrete disorders.
- Diagnosis is supported when a person endorses a number of symptoms from a criteria
PDs are qualitatively different from one another and from normative personality
Describe the alternative model of personality disorders
Criterion A: a 0-4 scale of personality functioning in self identity/direction and interpersonal domains
Criterion B: a dimensional system where 25 traits are organized into 5 overarching domains (OCEAN)
Criterion C: a prototypal system of six personality disorder types
1. Avoidant
2. Schizotypal
3. Antisocial
4. Narcissistic
5. Obsessive-compulsive
6. Borderline
This framework represents a step towards integrating the FFM into our formal classification system
What are the 3 clusters of PDs?
A: odd/eccentric features—paranoid PD, schizoid PD, schizotypal PD
B: dramatic/emotional/erratic features—antisocial PD, borderline PD, histrionic PD, narcissistic PD
C: anxious/fearful features—avoidant PD, dependent PD, obsessive-compulsive PD
What are systematized delusions
logical and coherent delusions that are based on false grounds. Not impossible but highly improbably
Describe the hostile attribution bias
Hostile attribution bias: maltreated children are more likely to interpret neutral stimuli as hostile, and respond aggressively
Egosyntonic symptoms vs egodystonic symptoms
Egosyntonic: the symptoms aren’t viewed as problematic
Egodystonic: the symptoms cause the individual distress
What is Dialectical Behavioural therapy?
help people regulate emotions, improve relationships, and cope with distress. Uses these approaches:
- Mindfulness
- Emotional regulation
- Distress tolerance
- Interpersonal effectiveness
involves both individual therapy and group skills training
Focuses on balancing acceptance and change—helping people accept themselves while also working on self-improvement
Uses behavioral techniques (like exposure therapy) and cognitive strategies (like reframing thoughts)
What is negative affect?
how prone someone is to experience negative emotions in response to stress or challenges
People with high negative affect tend to experience intense and frequent negative emotions.
