Chapter 12 Flashcards
Initial / Derived / or Terminal
___ credibility is the credibility an individual has before beginning his or her speech; this is mostly based on the reputation and credentials of the speaker
Initial Credibility
Initial / Derived / or Terminal
__ credibility is the credibility an individual has developed while delivering a speech; the quality of the speech and the professionalism of the speaker creates this credibility.
Derived
Initial / Derived / or Terminal
__ credibility is the credibility an individual has gained or lost after delivering a speech.
Terminal
A __ position is a sentence in your introduction that demonstrates your credentials and knowledge about the topic.
Credibility
Cre__
__ is the characteristic of being trustworthy.
Credibility
To__ Model
The __ model is an instrument comprised of three to five components that uses data to create and analyze an argument; these components are claim, data, warrant, qualifier, and rebuttal.
Tomulin Model
The Toulmin model was created by __ Toulmin, a British philosopher in the 1950s.
Stephen
The __, when referring to the Toulmin model, is the conclusion of an argument. This is the point that the speaker is trying to make; the essence of the argument.
Claim
The __, when referring to the Toulmin Model, is the supporting material, or evidence presented as the grounds or backing of an argument.
Data
The __, when referring to the Toulmin model, is the sequence of reasoning that links the data to the claim in the argument.
Warrant
A __, when referring to the Toulmin model, is the limit or boundary of the argument.
Qualifier
2. Da__ / 4. Qua__
What are the five components of the Toulmin Model? :
1. Claim
2. __
3. Warrant
4. __
5. Rebuttal
- Data
- Qualifier
Rea__
__ is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument.
Reasoning
Rea__
__ is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument.
Reasoning
A __ argument is reasoning that is comprehensive on the foundation of logic or fact.
Valid
Prop__
__ logic is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences.
Propositional Logic
Inductive or Deductive?
__ reasoning is reasoning where the premises support the conclusion.
Inductive
Inductive or Deductive?
__ reasoning is reasoning where true premises develop a true and valid conclusion.
In the case of __ reasoning, the conclusion must be true if the premises are also true. __ reasoning uses general principles to create a specific conclusion.
__ reasoning is also known as ‘top-down reasoning’ because it goes from general and works its way down more specific.
Deductive
__ reasoning is also referred to as ‘cause and effect reasoning’ or ‘bottom-up reasoning’ because it seeks to prove a conclusion first. This is usually derived from specific instances to develop a general conclusion.
Inductive
1) __ reasoning starts with a conclusion and 2) __ reasoning starts with a premise.
1) Inductive
2) Deductive
1) Ca__ / 2) Ana__ Reasoning
What are the two types of reasoning used in persuasive reasoning?
Causal AND Analogical Reasoning
What types or reasoning results in analysis that seeks to establish a cause and effect relationship between two things?
Causal Reasoning
What types or reasoning results in analysis that compares two similar cases and assumes that what’s true for one, is true for the other.
Analogical Reasoning
__ analogy
This occurs when two things being compared are not essentially the same.
Invalid Analogy
Fal__ OR __ Cause
This involves assuming one thing causes another.
Fallacy OR False Cause
A __ fallacy is a misconception or false assumption made in reasoning
Logical Fallacy
1) Rea__ 2) Va
1) __ is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument, and a 2) __ argument is reasoning that is comprehensive on the foundation of logic or fact.
1) Reasoning
2) Valid
__ generalization is the use of specific instances to create an incorrect generalization of a population or scenario.
Hasty Generalization
Faulty __ is the faulty assumption that when two things are similar, all of the characteristics are the same.
Faulty Analogy
Band__
A __ fallacy is a fallacy where the popularity of an action is the basis for the argument. Your parents probably told you at some point: ‘If everyone went and jumped off a cliff, would you?’
Bandwagon Fallacy
A false __ fallacy is a fallacy where two solutions are pitted against one another, forcing the listener to choose between two options. The fallacy is that there are usually more options than just two and that by rejecting one option, you must accept the second option.
False Dilemma
A false __ fallacy is a fallacy where two solutions are pitted against one another, forcing the listener to choose between two options. The fallacy is that there are usually more options than just two and that by rejecting one option, you must accept the second option.
False Dilemma
A __ __ fallacy is a fallacy where the disadvantage is the result of several consequences of the original argument. Basically, this fallacy argues against a certain action or solution to a problem because it will eventually lead to more problems. The fallacy here is that the argument requires several conditions to get to the disadvantage.
Slipperly Slope
__ of __ is a fallacy that occurs when the arguer shifts the burden of proof to the opponent, requiring the other to disprove the argument to beat it.
Basically, the main argument is ‘why not?’
Burden of Proof
A __ __ fallacy is an argument that is used as a distraction to the main issue.
Red Herring
An ad __ fallacy is attacking the speaker or organization, rather than the argument itself.
Ad Hominem
An __ to __ fallacy is an argument that is used because the solution or action has occurred previously and is expected to continue. You’ve probably heard people say, ‘Well that’s just the way we’ve always done it,’ without any sort of rhyme or reason as to why they’ve always done something in a certain way.
Appeal to Tradition
The __ effect is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual’s perception of another individual or company influences his or her thoughts and opinions about the individual or company’s reputation. This means that the way you perceive a person may make them appear to do no wrong in your eyes.
Halo
Ma__
The __ hypothesis is the psychological phenomenon in which an individual will react more favorably to another that matches his or her perceived level of attractiveness.
Matching Hypothesis
__-__ prophecy is a phenomenon where an individual’s beliefs and behaviors lead, whether consciously or unconsciously, to the realization of the beliefs.
Self-Fufilling Prophecy
__ exposure theory is when a listener will prefer and focus on the information that confirms the individual’s perceptions on a certain topic.
Selective Exposure Theory
Dis__
Cognitive __ is the state of being psychologically uncomfortable. Both of these things occur because they either confirm or disagree with our perceptions of the world. Our perceptions are shaped by our beliefs, values, attitudes, and opinions.
Cognitive Dissonance
A __ is a position that is founded on our empirical perceptions of the world. This means that what we see, hear, touch, taste, feel, and have any other interaction with is what helps us build our __.
Belief
A __ is the thing on which a person places the most emphasis, or importance. The things that we believe and hold to be true will determine what we value in our lives.
Value
An __ is the approach a person takes when dealing with situations.
Attitude
An __ is an evaluation of a situation, person, or concept based on your values and attitudes.
Opinion
__ position effect is the psychological theory that an individual recalls information differently depending on the order in which the information is presented.
This difference depends on which material you worked on first, in the middle, or last.
Serial Position Effect
__ is the ability of an individual to recall the first information memorized.
Primacy
__ is the ability of an individual to recall the last, or most recent, piece of information memorized.
(R__)
Recency
__ is when you take your speech and group it into different sections. This is usually done by a paragraph or even by topic.
Chunking