Chapter 12

Question 1

Initial / Derived / or Terminal

___ credibility is the credibility an individual has before beginning his or her speech; this is mostly based on the reputation and credentials of the speaker

Answer 1

Initial Credibility

Question 2

Initial / Derived / or Terminal

__ credibility is the credibility an individual has developed while delivering a speech; the quality of the speech and the professionalism of the speaker creates this credibility.

Answer 2

Derived

Question 3

Initial / Derived / or Terminal

__ credibility is the credibility an individual has gained or lost after delivering a speech.

Answer 3

Terminal

Question 4

A __ position is a sentence in your introduction that demonstrates your credentials and knowledge about the topic.

Answer 4

Credibility

Question 5

Cre__

__ is the characteristic of being trustworthy.

Answer 5

Credibility

Question 6

To__ Model

The __ model is an instrument comprised of three to five components that uses data to create and analyze an argument; these components are claim, data, warrant, qualifier, and rebuttal.

Answer 6

Tomulin Model

Question 7

The Toulmin model was created by __ Toulmin, a British philosopher in the 1950s.

Answer 7

Stephen

Question 8

The __, when referring to the Toulmin model, is the conclusion of an argument. This is the point that the speaker is trying to make; the essence of the argument.

Answer 8

Claim

Question 9

The __, when referring to the Toulmin Model, is the supporting material, or evidence presented as the grounds or backing of an argument.

Answer 9

Data

Question 10

The __, when referring to the Toulmin model, is the sequence of reasoning that links the data to the claim in the argument.

Answer 10

Warrant

Question 11

A __, when referring to the Toulmin model, is the limit or boundary of the argument.

Answer 11

Qualifier

Question 12

2. Da__ / 4. Qua__

What are the five components of the Toulmin Model? :
1. Claim
2. __
3. Warrant
4. __
5. Rebuttal

Answer 12

2. Data
3. Qualifier

Question 13

Rea__

__ is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument.

Answer 13

Reasoning

Question 13

Rea__

__ is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument.

Answer 13

Reasoning

Question 14

A __ argument is reasoning that is comprehensive on the foundation of logic or fact.

Answer 14

Valid

Question 15

Prop__

__ logic is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences.

Answer 15

Propositional Logic

Question 16

Inductive or Deductive?

__ reasoning is reasoning where the premises support the conclusion.

Answer 16

Inductive

Question 17

Inductive or Deductive?

__ reasoning is reasoning where true premises develop a true and valid conclusion.

In the case of __ reasoning, the conclusion must be true if the premises are also true. __ reasoning uses general principles to create a specific conclusion.

__ reasoning is also known as ‘top-down reasoning’ because it goes from general and works its way down more specific.

Answer 17

Deductive

Question 18

__ reasoning is also referred to as ‘cause and effect reasoning’ or ‘bottom-up reasoning’ because it seeks to prove a conclusion first. This is usually derived from specific instances to develop a general conclusion.

Answer 18

Inductive

Question 19

1) __ reasoning starts with a conclusion and 2) __ reasoning starts with a premise.

Answer 19

1) Inductive
2) Deductive

Question 20

1) Ca__ / 2) Ana__ Reasoning

What are the two types of reasoning used in persuasive reasoning?

Answer 20

Causal AND Analogical Reasoning

Question 21

What types or reasoning results in analysis that seeks to establish a cause and effect relationship between two things?

Answer 21

Causal Reasoning

Question 22

What types or reasoning results in analysis that compares two similar cases and assumes that what’s true for one, is true for the other.

Answer 22

Analogical Reasoning

Question 23

__ analogy

This occurs when two things being compared are not essentially the same.

Answer 23

Invalid Analogy

Question 24

Fal__ OR __ Cause

This involves assuming one thing causes another.

Answer 24

Fallacy OR False Cause

Question 25

A __ fallacy is a misconception or false assumption made in reasoning

Answer 25

Logical Fallacy

Question 26

1) Rea__ 2) Va

1) __ is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument, and a 2) __ argument is reasoning that is comprehensive on the foundation of logic or fact.

Answer 26

1) Reasoning
2) Valid

Question 27

__ generalization is the use of specific instances to create an incorrect generalization of a population or scenario.

Answer 27

Hasty Generalization

Question 28

Faulty __ is the faulty assumption that when two things are similar, all of the characteristics are the same.

Answer 28

Faulty Analogy

Question 29

Band__

A __ fallacy is a fallacy where the popularity of an action is the basis for the argument. Your parents probably told you at some point: ‘If everyone went and jumped off a cliff, would you?’

Answer 29

Bandwagon Fallacy

Question 30

A false __ fallacy is a fallacy where two solutions are pitted against one another, forcing the listener to choose between two options. The fallacy is that there are usually more options than just two and that by rejecting one option, you must accept the second option.

Answer 30

False Dilemma

Question 31

A false __ fallacy is a fallacy where two solutions are pitted against one another, forcing the listener to choose between two options. The fallacy is that there are usually more options than just two and that by rejecting one option, you must accept the second option.

Answer 31

False Dilemma

Question 32

A __ __ fallacy is a fallacy where the disadvantage is the result of several consequences of the original argument. Basically, this fallacy argues against a certain action or solution to a problem because it will eventually lead to more problems. The fallacy here is that the argument requires several conditions to get to the disadvantage.

Answer 32

Slipperly Slope

Question 33

__ of __ is a fallacy that occurs when the arguer shifts the burden of proof to the opponent, requiring the other to disprove the argument to beat it.

Basically, the main argument is ‘why not?’

Answer 33

Burden of Proof

Question 34

A __ __ fallacy is an argument that is used as a distraction to the main issue.

Answer 34

Red Herring

Question 35

An ad __ fallacy is attacking the speaker or organization, rather than the argument itself.

Answer 35

Ad Hominem

Question 36

An __ to __ fallacy is an argument that is used because the solution or action has occurred previously and is expected to continue. You’ve probably heard people say, ‘Well that’s just the way we’ve always done it,’ without any sort of rhyme or reason as to why they’ve always done something in a certain way.

Answer 36

Appeal to Tradition

Question 37

The __ effect is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual’s perception of another individual or company influences his or her thoughts and opinions about the individual or company’s reputation. This means that the way you perceive a person may make them appear to do no wrong in your eyes.

Answer 37

Halo

Question 38

Ma__

The __ hypothesis is the psychological phenomenon in which an individual will react more favorably to another that matches his or her perceived level of attractiveness.

Answer 38

Matching Hypothesis

Question 39

__-__ prophecy is a phenomenon where an individual’s beliefs and behaviors lead, whether consciously or unconsciously, to the realization of the beliefs.

Answer 39

Self-Fufilling Prophecy

Question 40

__ exposure theory is when a listener will prefer and focus on the information that confirms the individual’s perceptions on a certain topic.

Answer 40

Selective Exposure Theory

Question 41

Dis__

Cognitive __ is the state of being psychologically uncomfortable. Both of these things occur because they either confirm or disagree with our perceptions of the world. Our perceptions are shaped by our beliefs, values, attitudes, and opinions.

Answer 41

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 42

A __ is a position that is founded on our empirical perceptions of the world. This means that what we see, hear, touch, taste, feel, and have any other interaction with is what helps us build our __.

Answer 42

Belief

Question 43

A __ is the thing on which a person places the most emphasis, or importance. The things that we believe and hold to be true will determine what we value in our lives.

Answer 43

Value

Question 44

An __ is the approach a person takes when dealing with situations.

Answer 44

Attitude

Question 45

An __ is an evaluation of a situation, person, or concept based on your values and attitudes.

Answer 45

Opinion

Question 46

__ position effect is the psychological theory that an individual recalls information differently depending on the order in which the information is presented.

This difference depends on which material you worked on first, in the middle, or last.

Answer 46

Serial Position Effect

Question 47

__ is the ability of an individual to recall the first information memorized.

Answer 47

Primacy

Question 48

__ is the ability of an individual to recall the last, or most recent, piece of information memorized.

(R__)

Answer 48

Recency

Question 49

__ is when you take your speech and group it into different sections. This is usually done by a paragraph or even by topic.

Answer 49

Chunking