Chapter 12 Flashcards
When was the WWW invented and by whom? What was it also referred as? Some features
World Wide Web was invented by Tim-Bernes Lee along with a high energy physics laboratory CERN at the Swiss-french border in 1995. It was also referred to as the “Killer Application”.
Features:
- Incorporated hypertext techniques
- was on the internet
Three standards:
1. HTTP
2. URL
3. HTML
How were people online in 1990?
People were online but not by connecting to the internet, but to America Online (AOL), launched from online services in 1985 namely the Quantum Link from Commodore 64.
What was AOL previously named and when did the name change? What was the focus shifted to?
Quantum was the previous name, changed in 1991. Focus shifted from PC clients to DOS.
What year did AOL reach 1 million users?
1994
What did Ted Nelson right about hypertexts in his manifesto? What was the name of his manifesto?
Name: Computer Lib/Dream Machines
He wrote “forms of writing which branch or perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens
Hypercards were made by whom and for what? What was it’s use?
1987 by Bill Atkinson at Apple for Macintosh. Even allowed novices to program simple games or educational material.
When did windows introduce hypertext and where?
1990, in windows 3.0
What was Gopher?
A canvas like system for class schedules links etc, developed by students at University of Minnesota . Could search by keywords later. Became obsolete after WWW launched.
What is the full form of WAIS? Who developed it and what did it do?
Wide Area Information Server, developed by Brewster Kahle and colleagues.
- Search contents of file
- Search internet for doc and index their contents. Became obsolete after WWW launched.
Who developed Mosaic and when? What were its features?
Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina launched a test version of a browser in 1993 which became Mosaic, it was funded by NSF.
Features:
- Integrated image and text
About Marc Andreesen
Developed Mosaic with Eric Bina 1993. Later started company with Clark called Netscape communications and launched “Navigator Browser” in 1994. Became most used browser.
Name some biggest ISP’s
AOL, AT&T worldnet, MSN
Name some applications that gained popularity in the early days of the internet/Web?
AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) among teenagers.
Game: Ultima Online in 1997
Who founded Electronic Frontier Foundation?
Mitch Kapor & John Gilmore in 1990
When was the magazine “Wired” founded? What kind of ideas did it promote?
1993, Idea: Internet was a place of its own- a lifestyle
What were some limitations of the web? How was it preserved?
- Payments were hard
- Poor built in search capability
- Searching was hard
Wayback Machine in 2001 by Brewster Kahle preserved the web.
About Yahoo
Launched in 1994 (Hierarchal Catalogue of links) by Stanford students. Started displaying ads in 1995 and became a leading internet firm by 1996.
Who was Yahoo’s competition?
Altavista a bot by Digital Equipment Corporation.
Who founded Google? What system was used to tackle the spam issue?
Sergei Brinn and Larry Page used page rankings to sort the spam issue. It was Inspired by Eugene Garfield’s method of retrieval of information, called the Science Citation Index.
When was Slate launched?
1996 by MSN
When was Amazon launched?
1994 by Jeff Bezoz
Who developed “Perl”, when and what was its use? Give some examples of websites which used Perl.
Larry Wall in 1987. it’s purpose was to automate tasks on Unix systems. Perl was designed for quick programming rather than efficiency of execution or formal elegance. eg: Yahoo, Priceline.com, Cragslist.
When was HTTPS created?
1994
When did Netscape go public?
August 9 1995
When was internet explorer launched by Microsoft?
1995, free for personal and business use. Pre installed on every computer to make it default choice
How was Audio streamed on browsers? Who introduced it?
Pioneered by the RealAudio Player package, launched in 1995 (could stream audio from radio stations and sports games). faded once Microsoft and Apple produced their own alternative encoders at no extra cost.
What was “FrontPage” and how is it related to Microsoft?
FrontPage was a web editor program which was acquired by Microsoft.
What were the mistakes made by Netscape which led to its loss in the 1990’s Browser wars?
- Did not improve the core product
- Packaged in a suit with email and stuff which is made it slower to load.
- New releases were rushed without enough testing
eventually was slower than internet explorer by 1997. IE had more than 90% of market.
What and when was Microsoft sued?
Sued for illegally thwarting competition in 1998 by 20 states and the government.
What language are most web browsers based on?
Unix
What was the start of open source software and why was it made?
Richard Stallman’s GNU project at MIT AI Lab because he felt the lack of sharing of work since the commercialisation of Lisp. So he resorted to making open source software for free distribution.
Name some free components of Unix system
X Window System for displaying graphics on a terminal and Donald Knuth’s TeX typesetting program.
What is GNU GPL?
GNU General Public License is “ A legal instrument that requires those who pass on a pro- gram to include the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the code; the code and the freedoms become legally inseparable.”
Who made Linux? Which famous company uses it now?
Linus Torvalds. He thought of Linux as an alternative to Unix but Andrew Tannebum disapproved. IBM uses it now opposed to its proprietary mainframe OS.
Which was a server by Windows?
Windows NT and it did not dominate the server market. Most websites run on Unix or BSD.
Which is the most widely used web server”
Apache sine 1996 and it killed the market even before it started to grow.
Name some Database management companies
Oracle (not free), MySQL (free, 1995) was purchased by Sun, which was purchased by Oracle
Which system replaced Perl and is now used by most web applications?
LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)
IE was discontinued from Macintosh in?
2003
Mozilla Firefox
Developed by a Netscape programmer and a teenager interning there
