Chapter 12 Flashcards
Supports body, protects Soft body parts, produces blood cells, stores minerals/fat, allows body movement
Functions of skeletal system
Bone, cartilage, ligaments
Tissue of skeletal system
Stem cells located in bone
Osteogenic cells
Are young, bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
Are mature bone cells located within lacunae (chambers)
Osteocytes
Cells that break down bone
Osteoclasts
More flexible than bone, no nerves/ blood vessels
Cartilage
Fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and elastic cartilage
Types of cartilage
Strongest type of cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Between vertebrae, in knees
Fibrocartilage location
Most abundant type of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Ends of long bones, in nose, larynx, trachea, etc
Hyaline cartilage location
Most flexible type of cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Outer ear; epiglottis
Elastic cartilage location
Fibrous connective tissue; binds bones to one another
Ligaments
Shaft of bone; walls composed of compact bone; large medullary cavity
Diaphysis
Area of mature bone between diaphysis and epiphysis; contains epiphyseal plate
Metaphysics
Region of cartilage that allows bone growth
Epiphyseal plate
Around 206 bones in adults
Skeleton
Forms midline of body
Axial skeleton
Composed of bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles and attached limbs
Appendicular skeleton
Composed of cranial bones and facial bones
Skull
Protect brain, provide structure to face, aid breathing, eating, etc
Skull functions
Membranous regions that join bones in infants
Fontanels
Air spaces in some skull bones
Sinuses
Anchors torque and serves as site of attachment for swallowing muscles
Hyoid Bones
Consists of 33 vertebrae
Vertebral column
Neck
Cervical
Thorax/chest
Thoracic
Lower back
Lumbar
Separate neighboring vertebrae
Invertebral disks
Supports head, protects spinal cord, and serves as the site of attachment for arms and legs
Vertebral column
Protects heart, lungs, and aids in breathing
Rib cage
Consists of bones of pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles and their attached limbs
Appendicular skeleton
Specialized for flexibility
Pectoral girdle
Specialized for strength and stability
Pelvic girdle
Areas where bones meet/join
Articulations
Joints are immovable; include structures of cranial bones
Fibrous
Sliantiy movable; include costal cartilages, invertebrate disks
Cartilaginous joints
Freely movable
Synovial joints
Vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae?
33 vertebrae
Bone formation
Ossification
Bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue
Intramembranous ossification
Bones develop from hyaline cartilage models
Endochondral ossification
Bands of “leftover” cartilage between primary and secondary ossification centers
Epiphyseal plates
Bands of “leftover” cartilage between primary and secondary ossification centers
Epiphyseal plates
Bones can no longer length after closure occurs
Epiphyseal plate closure
Promotes absorption of calcium in small intestines
Vitamin D (calcitrol)
Stimulates growth of epiphyseal plate
Growth hormone (gh)
Increases metabolic activity in cells, including those in bone
Thuroid hormone (Th)
Stimulate osteoblast activity
Sex hormones
Refers to bone being broken down and reformed
Bone remodeling
Released when blood calcium levels are too low; osteoblasts stimulated
Parathyroid hormone (pth)
Released when blood calcium levels are too high; osteoblasts stimulated
Calcitonin
Damaged blood vessels leak blood into break creating a _
Hematoma
Repair begins with ___ formation
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Replaces fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus
