Chapter 12 Flashcards
Myotome
A region of the skeletal mm innervated by motor fibers of a specific spinal nerve
Dermatomes
Are an area of the skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve.
(External Cord Anatomy)
What are the two types of connective tissues coverings protect the cord?
Vertebral: provides the backbone
Spinal meninges: surrounding the cord as a continuation of the cranial meninges that encircle the brain.
What are the subdivisions of the PNS?
somatic neurons
autonomic nervous system
enteric nervous system
what is Neurology?
deals with normal function and disorders of nervous system
what role do neuroglia (glial cells) play?
a role in support and nutrition of the brain, they maintain the internal environment so that neurons can do their jobs
is somatic sensory afferent or efferent neurons?
afferent they convey information toward the CNS
is somatic motor efferent or afferent neurons?
motor neurons are efferent because they conduct impulses away from the CNS toward the muscles
what do interneurons do?
they conduct impulses between afferent and efferent neurons with in the CNS
what are ganglia?
they are small masses of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord.
neuroglia have been called ….
the glue that supports and maintains the neuronal networks.
what is considered the real functional unit of the nervous system
Neurons
what are the names of the four neuroglia in the CNS?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
what are the 2 types neuroglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells- support neurons in PNS
Schwann Cells- produce myelin in PNS
what is myelination
is the process of forming a myelin sheath which insulates and increases nerve impulse speed
what is a ligand-gated channel?
they respond to a neurotransmitter and are mainly concentrated at the synapse.
what is a voltage-gated channel?
channels that respond to changes in the transmembrane electrical potential and are mainly located along the neuronal axon
what is a mechanically-gated channel?
they respond to mechanical deformation by applying pressure to a receptor
the term leakage channels are what?
channels that also gated but they are not active and they open and close randomly.
Astrocytes do this?
Keep the fluid milieu surrounding the neurons as action potential friendly
Oligodendrocytes do this?
Provide neurons with myelinated sheaths and establish an assistance network for neurons
Microglia cells do this?
Are the guardian cells that protect the nervous system from microbial invaders
This lobe is associated with reasoning, planning parts of speech movement, emotions and problem-solving
Frontal lobe
This lobe is associated with movement orientation recognition perception of stimuli
Parietal lobe
This lobe is associated with visual processing
Occipital lobe
The lobe involves perception and recognition and auditory stimuli memory and speech
Temporal lobe
Where is cerebral spinal fluid found
In the four ventricles and around the subarachnoid space
Where is the cerebral spinal fluid produced
Choroid plexuse’s
What are the four layers of the G.I. tract from deep to superficial
Mucosa, submucosa muscularis and serosa
What are the lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe
What is known as the seat of intelligence
The cerebrum
what is an efferent pathway?
the somatic motor efferent neuron conducts impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles.
what is an afferent pathway?
the somatic sensory afferent neurons convey information from sensory receptors towards the CNS
what is an efferent pathway?
the somatic motor efferent neuron conducts impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles.
what is an afferent pathway?
the somatic sensory afferent neurons convey information from sensory receptors towards the CNS
Somatic sensory tracts (cuneate fasciculus)
Conveys nerve impulses for touch pressure vibration conscious proprioception from upper limbs upper trunk snack and posterior head.
Spinothalamic
Conveys nerve impulses for pain,cold, warm itch and tickle from limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head
Trigeminothalamic
Conveys nerve impulses for touch,pressure vibration, pain ,cold ,warm itch and tickle from face, nasal cavity,oral cavity and teeth
Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar
Conveys impulses from proprioceptor’s in trunk and lower limbs of one side of the body to the same side of the cerebellum
Lateral corticospinal
Conveys nerve impulses form motor cortex to skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body for precise voluntary movements of distal parts of limbs
Corticobulbar
Conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise voluntary movements
Rubrospinal
Conveys nerve impulses from red nuclear us which receives input from cerebral cortex and cerebellum to contralateral skeletal muscles that govern precise voluntary movements of distal parts and upper limbs
Tectospinal
Conveys nerve impulses from superior colliculus to contralateral skeletal muscles that reflexively move head eyes and trunk in response to visual or auditory stimuli
Vestibulospinal
Conveys nerve impulses from this to be there panniculus which receives input about head movements from inner ear to ipsilateral skeletal muscle of trunks and proximal parts of limbs for the maintaining posture and balance in response to head movements
Medial and lateral reticulospinal
Conveys nerve impulses from reticular formation’s to ipsilateral skeleton muscles of trunk and proximal parts of limbs for maintaining posture and regulating muscle tone in response to ongoing body movements
