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Biology 123 test 3 > Chapter 11.1 cell division > Flashcards

Chapter 11.1 cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

what are a few examples of what cell division is responsible for?

A

continued growth, replaces warn out blood cells, skin cells, and cells that line the digestive tract

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2
Q

what type of reproduction occurs when offspring receive genetic material from a single parent cell?

A

asexual reproduction

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3
Q

what type of reproduction occurs when offspring receive genetic material from a single parent cell?

A

sexual reproduction

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4
Q

what type of specialized cell are eggs and sperm?

A

gametes

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5
Q

what is a unique feature of gametes compared to other cells in the parent organism?

A

Contain half the number of chromosomes as the other cells in the parent organism

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6
Q

what important requirements must happen for cell division to occur?

A
  1. Daughter cells must receive the full genetic material (DNA) present in a single parent cell.
  2. Parent cell must be large enough to divide and still contribute proteins, lipids, and other macro molecules and other macromolecules.
  3. once these requirements are met, the key cellular components are duplicated and cell division takes place
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7
Q

what is the process of which prokaryotic cells divide?

A

binary fission

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8
Q

what is the process of which eukaryotic cells divide?

A

divide the nucleus by mitosis, then divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells called cytokinesis.

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9
Q

whats are a few examples of prokaryotic cells that divide via binary fission?

A

bacteria and archaeons

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10
Q

What occurs during binary fission?

A

cell replicates its DNA, increases in size, and divides into two daughter cells.

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11
Q

The process of binary fission is similar in….

A

archaeons, chloroplasts, mitochondria, Organelles within plants, fungi and animal cells.

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12
Q

how is the genome of E. coli attached to the cell?

A

attached by proteins to the inside of the plasma membrane.

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13
Q

Where is DNA replication initiated in E. coli?

A

at a specific location on the circular DNA called the organ of replication and proceeds in the opposite direction of the circle.

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14
Q

How do the DNA attachment sites on the plasma membrane separate/ move apart durning binary fission?

A

The cell elongates.

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15
Q

What is an example of a gene that plays a key role in bacterial cell division?

A

FtsZ (prokaryotic cell division) (

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16
Q

What is the function of FtsZ?

A

Many copies of the protein it encodes assemble and form a ring the site of construction where the new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells

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17
Q

What is the 6 step process of binary fission?

A
  1. circular bacterial DNA molecule is attached by proteins to the inner membrane
  2. DNA replication begins at a specific location and proceeds bidirectionally around the circle
  3. the newly synthesized DNA molecule is also attached to the inner membrane, near the attachment site of the initial molecule
  4. as replication proceeds, the cell elongates symmetry around the midpoint, separating the DNA attachment sites.
  5. Cell division begins with the synthesis of new membrane and wall material at the midpoint
  6. continued synthesis completes the constriction and separates the daughter cells.
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18
Q

What is a zygote?

A

the product of fertilization

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19
Q

What must happen before a cell can divide?

A

the genetic DNA must be copied

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20
Q

what conditions must be present for a cell to divide.

A
  • enough nutrients
  • cell is large enough to divide
  • good environmental conditions
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21
Q

what do eukaryotic cells reproduce by?

A

mitotic cell division (mitosis)

22
Q

how is the genome of a eukaryotic cell organized?

A

organized in one or more linear chromosomes, each which must be replicated and separated into daughter cells.

23
Q

What first does eukaryotic cell division require?

A

the breakdown and the reformation of the nuclear envelope. and other mechanisms to separate replicated DNA.

24
Q

Chromosomes of dividing eukaryotic cells attach to…

A

the mitotic spindle which separates the them into daughter cells.

25
Q

what is an example of a unicellular eukaryote that have characteristics of binary fission and mitosis?

A

dinoflagellates

26
Q

How do dinoflagellates replicate?

A

they have nucleus and linear chromosomes; however, unlike most eukaryotes the nuclear envelope does not break don but stays intact during cell division. replicated DNA attaches to the nuclear envelope. Nuclear envelope grows and divides similar to binary fission. (gives rise to the idea mitosis evolved from binary fission)

27
Q

Why is eukaryotic cell division more complex then prokaryotic cell division?

A
  • Bigger cells
  • Organelles
  • DNA and Chromosomes (23 pairs 46 all together)
28
Q

How did the eukaryotic cell develop a mitochondria?

A

a prezygotic cell took up a ATP containing bacteria cell that become the mitochondria

29
Q

How did the eukaryotic cell develop photosynthesis?

A

a eukaryotic cell with mitochondria took up a photosynthesizing cyan bacteria (green) to form the chloroplast of a plant cell

30
Q

The cell cycle consists of what stages?

A

interphase (growth) and M phase (division)

31
Q

What happens during M phase?

A

the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

32
Q

What 2 different events occur during M phase?

A
  1. Mitosis- the separation of the chromosomes into two nuclei
  2. Cytokinesis- the division the cell into 2 separate cells.
33
Q

when do mitosis and Cytokinesis occur?

A

the go hand in hand; however, cytokinesis usually occurs before mitosis completes.

34
Q

How long does M phase usually last?

A

1 hour

35
Q

Which phase is longest in the cell cycle?

A

interphase

  • growth phase
  • replicate
36
Q

The separation of genetic material (chromosomes) is in what phase?

A

Mitosis

37
Q

The separation of the cytoplasm is in what phase?

A

cytokinesis (2 daughter cells)

38
Q

What 3 phases occur in interphase?

A
  • G1
  • S Phase
  • G2
39
Q

when does interphase occur?

A

The time between 2 successive M phases

40
Q

What occurs during interphase?

A

The cell makes many preparations for division.

  • replication of the DNA: so daughter cell can receive a copy of the genome
  • increase in cell size: so daughter cell can receive sufficient amount of cytoplasm and membrane components to survive on its own.
41
Q

What occurs in S phase?

A

the replication (synthesis) of DNA

42
Q

What occurs during G1 phase?

A

specific regulatory proteins are made and activated.

  • more mitochondria
  • synthesis of nucleotides
  • DNA polymerase synthesis (enzyme)
43
Q

What is an example of regulatory protein

A

kinase

44
Q

What happens when a regulatory protein is activated in G1?

A

Once activated, the regulatory proteins promote the activity of enzymes that synthesize DNA

45
Q

What occurs during G2 phase?

A

Both the size and protein content of the cell increase preparation for division

46
Q

G1 is a time of preparation for_________ DNA synthesis, and G2 is a time of preparation for___________ mitosis and cytokinesis.

A

S Phase, M Phase

47
Q

How long does it take for cells in tissue to replenish?

A

12 hours

48
Q

How long does it usually take for actively dividing cells to divide in the body?

A

24 hours

49
Q

What is G0 phase?

A

the phase where many cells pause in the cell cycle somewhere between M Phase and S Phase for periods ranging from days to more than a year.

50
Q

What is the difference between G1 and G0?

A

G0 lacks preparations for DNA synthesis

51
Q

What is an example of cells that remain in G0 phase?

A
  • Liver cells - 1 year
  • Nerve cells
  • cells that form eye lens

Biology 123 test 3 (10 decks)

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