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Biology 123 test 3 > 11.2 Mitotic cell division > Flashcards

11.2 Mitotic cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous Chromosome?

A

matching chromosomes from each parent

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2
Q

What is the normal mode of asexual reproduction in unicellular eukaryotic cells?

A

mitotic cell division

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3
Q

What is ploidy?

A

how many copies of each autosome an organism has

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4
Q

In eukaryotic cells DNA is organized with _______ and other proteins into _________, which can be looped and packaged to form the structures we know as _________.

A

histones, chromatin, chromosomes.

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5
Q

What is one of the earliest events in mitosis?

A

the condensing of chromosomes

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6
Q

when do chromosomes condense and become visible?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

what happens to a chromosomes shape once they condense?

A

they adopt characteristic shapes and sizes that allow each chromosome to be identifies by its appearance in the microscope

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8
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

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9
Q

most cells in the human body with the exception of gametes, contain

A

46 chromosomes
23 pairs
22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes

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10
Q

which chromosomes are sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y
famles- 2 X chromosomes
males- 1 X and 1 Y chromosome

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11
Q

The number of of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell is know as its

A

ploidy

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12
Q

A cell with one complete set of chromosomes is known as

A

haploid

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13
Q

a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes is known as

A

diploid

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14
Q

Which DNA sequence is more alike? sister chromatids or a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

sister chromatids

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15
Q

Before cell division, chromosomes must _______

A

replicate

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16
Q

Homologous unreplicated chromosomes occur in what phase?

A

G1/ G0

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17
Q

Homologous replicated chromosomes occur in what phase?

A

G2, early M

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18
Q

What is the centromere?

A

a region of DNA for microtubules to attach and pull apart.

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19
Q

sister chromatids remain connected at the centromere after _________

A

S Phase

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20
Q

At the beginning of mitosis the nucleus of a human cell contains

A

46 chromosomes which is a pair of sister chromatids linked together

21
Q

during mitosis, the sister chromatids ________ to __________

A

separate from each other to opposite ends of the cell.

22
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. pro metaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
    (PPMAT)
23
Q

what is the first stage of mitosis and how is it characterized?

A

prophase

characterized by the appearance of visible chromosomes

24
Q

Where and in what phase is the mitotic spindle assembled?

A

outside the nucleus in the cytosol, the cell begins to assemble the mitotic spindle. prophase

25
Q

what is the mitotic spindle made up of and what is their function?

A

mostly of microtubules that pull the chromosomes into separate daughter cells

26
Q

what are a few important functions of the centrosome?

A
  • a microtubule organizer center for animal cells
  • the structure from which the spindles radiate
  • plant cells don’t have one but to have mitotic spindle
27
Q

as preparation for mitosis during S Phase, the centrosome

A

duplicates and migrates around the nucleus halting at opposite ends of the cell to start prophase.

28
Q

What occurs when the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles?

A

tubular dimers assemble around them forming microtubules that radiate from each each centrosome forming the mitotic spindle.

29
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

chromosomes condense and become visible

30
Q

What occurs during pro metaphase?

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down and the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

31
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

chromosomes align in the centre of the cell as a result of

32
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and travel to opposite poles

33
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

the nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes decondense

34
Q

when do sister chromatids separate in anaphase?

A

when the centromere splits

35
Q

Where are kinetochores located, in what phase? and what are they?

A

one located on each side of the centromere during pro metaphase. They are protein complexes

36
Q

what is the function of a kinetochore?

A

associated with each sister chromatid, and for the attachment site for a single spindle microtubule

37
Q

What occurs once each chromosome is attached to he mitotic spindles from both poles?

A

The microtubules and mitotic spindle lengthen or shorten to move chromosomes into position in the middle of the cell.

38
Q

What is the mitotic spindle made up of?

A

microtubules (component of the cytoskeleton)

39
Q

during prophase what proteins do chromosomes condense into?

A

histone proteins

40
Q

during pro metaphase why does the nuclear envelope disassemble?

A

so the spindle can interact with condensed chromosomes

41
Q

What must happen before sister chromatids can separate from each other in anaphase?

A

the centromere holding the sisters to gather must split.

42
Q

During telophase how are the sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides of the cell?

A

the spindle microtubules and kinetochores gradually shorten pulling the chromosomes to opposite poles

43
Q

What event marks the beginning of telophase?

A

once the complete set of chromosomes arrives at a pole, which is the area where the cytosol will form of the new Daughter cell

44
Q

What major events happen during telophase?

A

microtubules and the mitotic spindle break down and disappear, while the nuclear envelope reformed around each new set of chromosomes, creating 2 new nuclei and chromosomes decondense

45
Q

The parent cell divides into two daughter cells by_________

A

cytokinesis

46
Q

As mitosis comes to an end ________ begins and the parent cell divides into __________

A

cytokinesis, two daughter cells.

47
Q

what happens when cytokinesis starts in animal cells?

A

the contractile ring forms agains the inner face of the membrane. the ring contracts pinching the cytoplasm of the cell and dividing it in two.

48
Q

what is the difference between binary fission and cytokinesis?

A

binary fission driven by FtsZ protein and homolog tubular.

Cytokinesis driven by motor proteins that slide bundles of actin microfilaments in opposite directions.

Biology 123 test 3 (10 decks)

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