Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jefferson Republic Flashcards
Who faced each other in the presidential contest of 1800?
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
What did Adam’s Federalists waged for?
Adams’s Federalists waged a defensive struggle for strong central government and public order.
What was Jeffersonian’s stance?
Their Jeffersonian opponents presented
themselves as the guardians of agrarian purity, liberty,
and states’ rights.
Why did Federalists aroused a host of enemies?
Alien and Sedition
Acts
What was the most damaging blow to the Federalists?
the refusal of Adams to give them a rousing fight with
France
Due to the military preparations what was John Adams known as?
“the Father of the American Navy.’’
As a liberal in religion, Jefferson wanted what?
to separate church and state in his native
Virginia.
preachers throughout New England, stronghold
of Federalism and Congregationalism believed what of Jefferson?
He alleged atheism
Why did New York favored Jeffersonians in the election of 1800?
largely because Aaron Burr, a master wire-puller, turned New York to Jefferson by the narrowest of margins.
Why was there a deadlock?
Burr, his vicepresidential
running mate, received the same number
of electoral votes for the presidency.
How did they dealt with the deadlock
Under the
Constitution the tie could be broken only by the
House of Representatives (see Art. II, Sec. I, para. 2).
How did the deadlock finally end?
After months, since a new president was needed quickly, a few votes were changed and Jefferson was elected. The change was at the urging of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams who knew that a Burr victory would be blamed on Federalists and thus doom their party.
What was Jefferson’s mission?
Jefferson’s mission, as he saw it, was to
restore the republican experiment, to check the
growth of government power, and to halt the decay of
virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.
Why was the election called the Revolution of 1800?
- There was a peaceful exchange of power between two parties in a major nation. This was a historic first for the U.S. and the world.
- The Republicans were something of the “people’s party” and, through Jefferson, the people sort of entered the White House.
When was Jefferson inaugurated?
March 4, 1801, in the swampy village of Washington,
the crude new national capital.
How did he soothe Federalist views?
His goal was to soothe Federalists fears by saying, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
What was his stance on foreign affairs?
“…honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.”
how was Jefferson unconventional?
He was a sloppy dresser and frugal.
He made a point of not being or appearing aristocratic, the way the Federalists might have done things.
He wore simple worker’s clothes.
He rode around Washington horseback (as opposed to a carriage that he felt too royal).
He seated guests at the White House in random order (as opposed to seating by “rank”).
He started the tradition of reporting to Congress through a clerk (rather than himself which he felt too pompous).
What were the two jeffersons
First, the scholarly philosopher.
Second, the politician who learned that theories don’t always work out cleanly in real life.
What did the new naturalization law of 1802 do?
This
act reduced the unreasonable requirement of fourteen
years of residence to the previous and more
reasonable requirement of five years.
In opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, what did Jefferson do?
He pardoned those who’d been convicted under the Sedition Act.
What was the drawback of replealing the excise tax?
The drawback here was not getting the $1 million per year in revenue.
What did Albert Gallatin do?
The Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin was very capable at budgeting the nation. Despite little income, he managed to balance the budget and reduce the debt.
By shrewdly absorbing the major Federalist programs, what is Jefferson showed?
Jefferson showed that a change of regime
need not be disastrous for the defeated group.
What was the Judiciary Act of 1801?
The “deathbed’’ Judiciary Act of 1801 was one of the
last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist
Congress. It created sixteen new federal judgeships
and other judicial offices.
Why did John Adams packed the federal courts with “midnight judges”.
The goal was to pack the federal government with Federalist judges, who serve for life, and thereby sustain the Federalist influence.
Who was the long lasting Federalist cause?
John Marshall
What was Marshall committed to?
committed
above all else to strengthening the power of the federal
government.
What happended in the Marbury v. Madison in 1803?
The technicalities of the case involved a judge (Marbury) not being appointed to a bench by Sec. of State Madison, then Marbury appealing to get that appointment.
The case created what?
“judicial review”—the power of the Court to review the constitutionality of laws and keep or strike them. This is the Courts supreme power.
What was Jefferson’s revenge?
The Republicans in the House voted to impeach Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase for “high crimes and misdemeanors” (as the Constitution prescribes).
Why could Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase not be impeached?
But, in the Senate trial, it became clear there were no crimes or misdemeanors, just loud-mouthing. Chase was not kicked off the Court.
What did the failure to kick out Chase showed?
judicial branch truly was independent of the other two branches.
What was Jefferson’s first action as president?
One of Jefferson’s first actions as president was to
reduce the military establishment to a mere police
force of twenty-five hundred officers and men.
What was the issue in the Mediterranean Sea?
n the Med. Sea, North African “Barbary Pirates” were pirating American (and European) ships.
Why did the pasha of Tripoli declare war on United States
The showdown came in 1801.
The pasha of Tripoli, dissatisfied with his share of
protection money, informally declared war on the
United States by cutting down the flagstaff of the
American consulate.
What did the treaty of peace from Tripoli in 1805 est?
efferson sent the navy to the “shores of Tripoli.” Their sea-to-land amphibious expedition spawned the Marines Corps.
The U.S. military took care of business and got a treaty formed. It paid $60,000 as ransom to free prisoners. But, the Barbary Pirate days were over.
After the Tripolitan War, as it was known, Jefferson decided to strengthen what?
efferson decided to strengthen the navy after all. But, he wanted small, fast, and cheap gunboats, not ships. He had about 200 gunboats built.
What was the secret pact formed in 1800?
Napoleon Bonaparte induced the
king of Spain to cede to France, for attractive considerations,
the immense trans-Mississippi region
of Louisiana, which included the New Orleans area.
In 1802, when the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew
the right of deposit guaranteed America by the
treaty of 1795. What were the deposit?
Deposit (warehouse) privileges were
vital to frontier farmers who floated their produce down the Mississippi to its mouth, there to await oceangoing vessels.
Why does Jefferson in 1803 sent James Monroe
to Paris to join forces with the regular minister there, Robert R. Livingston?
The two envoys were
instructed to buy New Orleans and as much land to
its east as they could get for a maximum of $10 million.
What was Jefferson’s dilemma on securing New Orleans?
Though a passionate hater of war and an
enemy of entangling alliances, he was proposing to
make an alliance with his old foe, Britain, against his
old friend, France, in order to secure New Orleans.
Why did Napoleon suddenly decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World empire?
- An uprising in Haiti led by Toussaint L’Overture made Napoleon decide the troubles in America weren’t worth it.
- Napoleon was planning war on Europe, knew he’d not be able to hold it anyway, and needed quick cash.
Treaties were signed on April 30, 1803 granting what?
treaties were signed on April 30, 1803, ceding
Louisiana to the United States for about $15 million.
Jefferson was put in a dilemma by the LA Purchase?
On the one hand, his delegates had (a) only been authorized to spend $10 million and (b) a strict interpretation of the Constitution (which Jefferson liked to do) meant the president really didn’t have the power to buy lands from foreign nations.
On the other hand, this was just too good of a deal to pass up! It’d double the size of the country for little more than they were willing to pay for a city.
How did the views of Federalists and Jeffersonains altered on the LA Purchase?
Jefferson (and the Republicans) had normally been a strict interpreter of the Constitution, but he was now using a loose interpretation.
Federalists, normally loose interpreters, took a strict interpretation and opposed the purchase. Federalist didn’t want the new lands because they correctly foresaw that new lands meant new settlers, and that meant new states, which meant more farmers, and ultimately more Republicans.
How does Jefferson solves problem that the land was nearly entirely unknown.
In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent
his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and a
young army officer named William Clark to explore
the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. Aided
by the Shoshoni woman Sacajawea, Lewis and Clark
ascended the “Great Muddy’’ (Missouri River) from
St. Louis, struggled through the Rockies, and descended
the Columbia River to the Pacific coast.
What were Lewis and Clark’s goals?
their goals as set by President Jefferson were to (a) meet and befriend the Indians and (b) take notes of what they saw (animals, plants, land, etc).
How long was Lewis and Clark expedition.
2 and a half year trek was recorded in Clark’s journal and became one of history’s greatest adventures.
What was Zebulon Pike?
Explored the Spanish-owned areas of the American Southwest.
He went into Colorado (hence Pike’s Peak), then south into current New Mexico, Mexico, and Texas.
Although this was Spanish land at the time, it seems Pike was “scouting it out” for the future.
What greatly
expanded the fortunes of the United States and the
power of the federal government.
Louisiana Purchase
What did the Arron Burr plotted to do?
Burr joined with a group of Federalist
extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York.
Who ended Burr’s scheme?
Alexander Hamilton, though no friend
of Jefferson, exposed and foiled the conspiracy.
What happen in the duel?
He met Burr’s challenge at the appointed hour but refused to fire. Burr killed Hamilton with one shot.
What was Burr’s scheme with the trans Mississippi West
- He struck up an allegiance with General James Wilkinson, governor of Louisiana Territory.
- he and Wilkinson apparently planned to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida.
What did Jefferson do to Burr?
Jefferson heard of the plan, arrested Burr and charged him with treason.
At Burr’s trial the required two witnesses needed couldn’t be drummed up so he was found not guilty. Still, his name was shamed and he slunk away in disgrace
What was the lesson on governing large acres?
The lesson was that governing such a large tract of new land was tricky business.
Who was reelected in 1804?
Jefferson
What happened in the Battle of Trafalgar?
In 1805 British Adm. Horatio Lord Nelson’s fleet won at the Battle of Trafalgar. This ensured that Britain ruled the seas.
What happened in the Battle of Austerlitz?
At the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon and the French won. This ensured that France ruled the land.
How were the US hurt by the war?
In 1806, London issued what was called Orders in Council.
What did the Orders in Council do?
These rules stated that any foreign (U.S.) ship headed to France must first check-in at a British port for inspection.
Napoleon struck back, ordering the seizure of all merchant ships, including American, that entered British ports.
What did the Britain do to US seamen?
Impressment—the forcible enlistment of sailors
Some six thousand bona fide U.S. citizens were impressed
In 1807, what did the British ship Leopard do to the American Chesapeake off of Virginia?
The British warship thereupon fired three devastating broadsides at close range, killing three Americans and wounding eighteen.
~The Leopard demanded men, then shot, and the wounded Chesapeake limped back to port.
What was the result of the Leopard vs. Chesapeake ?
The British government apologized, but the effect was to energize the American people to call for war. Jefferson, the peace-maker, was slow to take up arms.
Why did Jefferson posed the Embargo Act?
Jefferson felt that a shipping clash and war with England or France was coming. The only way to avoid this would be to impose an embargo (halt on exports).
What was the Embargo Act?
- This
rigorous law forbade the export of all goods from
the United States, whether in American or in foreign
ships.
What did the Embargo Act showed?
Jefferson’s idea of “peaceful coercion.”
Who were hurt by the Embargo Act?
New England was hit hardest by this act. Ships simply sat dormant in the harbors as the merchants went broke.
The South and West were also hurt, though to a lesser degree, as their crops began to pile up.
What was the Non-Intercourse Act?
This measure formally reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except the two most important, Britain and France.
Why was the Embargo Act unsuccessful?
Essentially, the embargo hurt America without doing much good. With the money that was lost, the U.S. could have built a strong navy that might have dealt with the British navy on equal terms.
What was the unexpected outcome of the embargo?
With
shipping tied up and imported goods scarce, the
resourceful Yankees reopened old factories and
erected new ones.
Who follows Jefferson’s presidency?
James Madison
What was the Macon’s Bill No. 2?
This bill proposed to allow trade with other nations but also to exclusively reinstate trade with either England or France, whichever one pledged to drop its trade restrictions.
Who Dropped the trade restrictions?
Napoleon pounced on this opportunity and promised to drop restrictions and open trade with the U.S.
French decrees might be repealed if Britain
also lifted its Orders in Council.
Why did Napoleon drop its trade restrictions?
he hoped to maneuver
the United States into resuming its embargo against
the British, thus creating a partial blockade against
his enemy that he would not have to raise a finger to enforce.
What was different about Congress in 1811?
Younger men had ousted older “submission men.” The young Congressmen were from the West and South, and were fiery-tempered. The were called “War Hawks” since they pushed for war.
What did the war hawks want?
Indians cleared out of the west (the Ohio Valley) so whites could settle there without fear.
What did Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and the Prophet do?
They began to weld together a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring a vibrant movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal. Their followers gave up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments. Tecumseh urged his supporters never to cede land to whites unless all Indians agreed.
What happened in the Battle of Tippecanoe?
~In the fall of 1811, William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh’ headquarters at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers in present-day Indiana.
~the Prophet attacked Harrison’s army—foolishly, in Tecumseh’s eyes—with a small force of Shawnees.
~The Shawnees were routed and their settlement burned.
Who did the Prophet and Tecumseh allied with ?
British.
What also died when Tecumseh died
the dream of an Indian confederacy
By 1812, why was war inevitable?
there was only one way to
remove the menace of the Indians: wipe out their
Canadian base. “On to Canada, on to Canada,”
Why did Madison turned to war?
Madison turned to war to restore confidence
in the republican experiment.
Who supported the war?
Support for war came from the South
and West, but also from Republicans in populous
middle states such as Pennsylvania and Virginia.
Who did not supported the war?
Federalists in both North and South damned the
conflict, but their stronghold was New England,
Why did seafaring New Englanders oppose War of 1812?
~Federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain
~resented the Republicans’ sympathy with Napoleon
~Federalists also opposed the acquisition of Canada
~add more agrarian states from the wild Northwest
Lewis and Clark demonstrated the viability of what
An over land trail to the pacific.
Why did embargo fell?
Underestimated Britain determination
Overestimated dependence on American trade
Bumper crop
Latin America opened their ports.
What was the first thing rep learned
It is far easier to condemn from the stump than to govern consistently.
