Chapter 11: Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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2
Q

general intelligence

A

according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

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3
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

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4
Q

savant syndrome

A

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

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5
Q

grit

A

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goal

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6
Q

emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

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7
Q

intelligence test

A

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

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8
Q

achievement test

A

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

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9
Q

aptitude test

A

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

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10
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test

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11
Q

mental age

A

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

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12
Q

intelligence quotient

A

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

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13
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; they contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

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14
Q

standardization

A

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

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15
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

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15
Q

normal curve

A

(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

16
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

17
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

18
Q

predictive validity

A

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

19
Q

cohort

A

a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period

20
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

21
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood

22
Q

cross-sectional study

A

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

23
Q

intellectual disability

A

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life

23
Q

longitudinal study

A

research that follows and retests the same people over time

24
Q

Down syndrome

A

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

25
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

26
Q

stereotype threat

A

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype