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Anatomy And Physiology Semster 2 > Chapter 11 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

Divisions of the nervous syste

A

Central nervous system(CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

CNS includes

A

Brain and spinal cord; integration and command center

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4
Q

PNS involves

A

Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages to and from the CNS

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5
Q

Sensory PNS functions

A

Somatic afferent fibers—convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
Visceral afferent fibers—convey impulses from visceral organs

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6
Q

Motor PNS functions

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs

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7
Q

Neuron functions

A

Plasma membrane functions in:
Electrical signaling
Cell-to-cell interactions during development

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8
Q

Tracts are in

A

CNS

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9
Q

Nerves are in

A

PNS

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10
Q

Neurons structural classification

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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11
Q

Multipolar

A

1 axon and several dendrites
Most abundant
Motor neurons and interneurons

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12
Q

Bipolar

A

Bipolar—1 axon and 1 dendrite

Rare, e.g., retinal neurons

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13
Q

Unipolar

A

single, short process that has two branches:
Peripheral process—more distal branch, often associated with a sensory receptor
Central process—branch entering the CNS

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14
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

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15
Q

Sensory

A

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS

Afferent

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16
Q

Motor

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors(efferent)

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17
Q

Interneurons

A

Shuttle signals through CNS pathways; most are entirely within the CNS ( association neurons)

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18
Q

Neuroglia supporting cells

A 
Astrocytes (CNS)
Microglia (CNS)
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Satellite cells (PNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
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19
Q

Astrocytes location

A

Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

20
Q

Astrocytes functions

A 
Support and brace neurons
Help determine capillary permeability
Guide migration of young neurons
Control the chemical environment
Participate in information processing in the brain
21
Q

Microglia location

A

Migrate toward injured neurons

22
Q

Microglia functions

A

Defensive cells in the CNS

23
Q

Ependymal location

A

Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column

24
Q

Ependymal functions

A

Separate the CNS interstitial fluid from the cerebrospinal fluid in the cavities

25
Q

Oligodendrocytes location

A

Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths

26
Q

Oligodendrocytes functions

A

Oligodendrocytes have processes that form
myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

27
Q

Satellite cells location

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS

28
Q

Schwann cells location

A

Surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths

29
Q

Schwann cells function

A

Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

30
Q

The synapse

A

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron:
To another neuron, or
To an effector cell

31
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulses toward the synapse

32
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

transmits impulses away from the synapse

33
Q

Action potential (AP)

A

Brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of ~100 mV

34
Q

Generation of an action potential

A

Resting state:
Only leakage channels for Na+ and K+ are open
All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed

35
Q

Phases of action potential

A

Resting state->depolarization->depolarization->hyperpolarization->restarts

36
Q

Depolarizing Phase

A 
Depolarizing local currents open voltage-gated Na+ channels 
Na+ influx causes more depolarization
At threshold (–55 to –50 mV) positive feedback leads to opening of all Na+ channels, and a reversal of membrane polarity to +30mV (spike of action potential)
37
Q

Repolarizing phase

A

Na+ channel slow inactivation gates close
Membrane permeability to Na+ declines to resting levels
Slow voltage-sensitive K+ gates open
K+ exits the cell and internal negativity is restored

38
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Some K+ channels remain open, allowing excessive K+ efflux

This causes after-hyperpolarization of the membrane (undershoot)

39
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Time from the opening of the Na+ channels until the resetting of the channels
Ensures that each AP is an all-or-none event
Enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses

40
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Follows the absolute refractory period
Most Na+ channels have returned to their resting state
Some K+ channels are still open
Repolarization is occurring
Threshold for AP generation is elevated
Exceptionally strong stimulus may generate an AP

41
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Biogenic Amines,Ach, purines, amino acids,peptides, gases and lipids

42
Q

Graded potential vs. action potential

A

Graded potentials: Incoming short-distance signals

Action potentials: Long-distance signals of axons

43
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)

A

Potential difference across the membrane of a resting cell
Approximately –70 mV in neurons (cytoplasmic side of membrane is negatively charged relative to outside)
Generated by:
Differences in ionic makeup of ICF and ECF
Differential permeability of the plasma membrane

44
Q

Impulse conduction

A

Larger diameter fibers have less resistance to local current flow and have faster impulse conduction
Impulse conduction slows and eventually ceases

45
Q

Weak vs strong stimuli

A

Strong stimuli can generate action potentials more often than weaker stimuli

46
Q

Nerve fiber classification

A

Nerve fibers are classified according to:
Diameter
Degree of myelination
Speed of conduction

47
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

An autoimmune disease that mainly affects young adults
Symptoms: visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, speech disturbances, and urinary incontinence
Myelin sheaths in the CNS become nonfunctional scleroses
Shunting and short-circuiting of nerve impulses occurs
Impulse conduction slows and eventually ceases

Anatomy And Physiology Semster 2 (5 decks)

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