Chapter 11 - Test 3 Material (Pop Quiz 1)

Question 1

Macrominerals

Answer 1

Ca
P
Mg
K
Na
Cl
S

Question 2

Na and Cl

Answer 2

Easiest to supply in diet (salt) and inexpensive

Question 3

Calcium

Answer 3

99% of Ca is in skeleton
In bone, it occurs in 2:1 ratio with P
In blood, mostly plasma

Question 4

Calcium

Functions

Answer 4

Structural component of skeleton

• vitamin D for proper absorption
• sunlight outdoors animals

Controls excitability of nerves and muscles

Requires for blood coagulation

Question 5

Calcium

Absorption and Excretion

Answer 5

Absorbed
- duodenum and jejunum

Excreted
- through feces, urine, sweat

Question 6

Calcium

Deficiency

Answer 6

Rickets - animals 
Osteomalacia - humans
- occurs with vitamin D deficiency 
- bones soften and deform
- inadequate calcification of cartilage

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism - osseous tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
- lameness, bone density increase

Osteoporosis - bone loss leading to fractures of hip, back, long bone

• sows commons following lacerations
• physical activity increases Ca execration
• more active - more Ca excreted
• less active - less Ca excreted

Hypocalcemia
Tetany - muscles spasms
Milk Fever - early lactation in sheep and cattle
- IV injection of Ca

Question 7

Calcium

Toxicity

Answer 7

Actue - none

Chronic - excess bone mass, thicken bone, calcified soft tissue, kidney stones

Question 8

Phosphorus

Answer 8

80% of the P in the body is in the skeleton

Total P content of adult fat free body is 1.1%

In bone, Ca:P 2:1 ratio

Question 9

Phosphorus

Functions

Answer 9

Structural component of skeleton with Ca

Component of phospholipids
- important for lipid transport and cell membrane structure

Energy metabolism
- part of AMP, ADP, ATP

Part of enzyme systems

Question 10

Phosphorus

Absorption and Excretion

Answer 10

Absorb: small intestine, rapidly, incorporated in phospholipid

Excretion: feces, urine, saliva (ruminants)

Question 11

Phosphorus

Deficiency

Answer 11

Rickets

Question 12

Phosphorus

Toxicity

Answer 12

Nutritional secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Depression of intestinal absorption ic Ca

Laxative

Question 13

Magnesium

Answer 13

Present in the 3rd largest amount in the body

50% of body Mg is in bone

Question 14

Magnesium

Functions

Answer 14

Structural component of skeleton

Requires for oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria

Activation of some enzymes

Question 15

Magnesium

Absorption and Excretion

Answer 15

Absorb: ileum, 55-60% of ingested Mg is absorbed

Excretion: urine 95%, feces 5%

Question 16

Magnesium

Deficiency

Answer 16

Grass Tetany

• aka grass staggers, wheat pasture poisoning
• occur in grazing cattle
• lush pasture, low blood Mg, high K

Anorexia
Reduced weight gain
Weakness
Irritable
Tetany
Death

Question 17

Magnesium

Toxicity

Answer 17

Low feed intake

Diarrhea loss of reflex cardiorespiratory depression

Question 18

Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine

Answer 18

Grouped together

Electrolytes vital to maintaining osmotic pressure and acid base balance

90% body K is intracellular
90% body Na is extra cellular
Almost all Cl is intracellular

Question 19

K, Na, Cl

Functions

Answer 19

K
- acid base balance, enzyme reactions, helps uptake amino acid, glucose in cells, heart kidney muscles

Na
- extra cellular component of Na pump acid base balance, never impulse transmission

Cl
- extra cellular osmotic pressure, acid base balance, chief gastric anion, unit with H to form HCl

Question 20

K, Na, Cl

Absorption and Excretion

Answer 20

Absorb: upped small intestine

Excretion: urine

Question 21

K, Na, Cl

Deficiency

Answer 21

K
- kidney lesions, muscle weakness, evacuation, pica, death

Na
- reduced growth, reduced milk production, weight loss, may drink urine

Cl
- reduced growth, kidney lesions

Question 22

K, Na, Cl

Toxicity

Answer 22

Uncommon

Kidney regulates all 3
Unless water intake is restricted, drinking water is saline, or kidney malfunction

High K reduce Mg absorption in ruminants

High Na causes hypertension

Question 23

Sulfur

Answer 23

Distributed widely throughout body

In every cell

Question 24

Sulfur

Functions

Answer 24

Part of organic metabolites

Protein synthesis 
Intra and extra cellular fluid
Part of biotin
Collagen
Blood clotting
Hormones

Question 25

Sulfur

Absorption and Excretion

Answer 25

Absorb: inorganic form inefficiently absorbed

Organic form absorbed readily

Question 26

Sulfur

Deficiency

Answer 26

Inorganic form not essential for normal functions

Organic form problems with nutrients that require S

Question 27

Sulfur

Toxicity

Answer 27

Polionencephalomalacia PEM)

• excess sulfide production in rumen
• necrosis of brain cortex
• death within 48 hours if not treated with thiamin injection

Anorexia, growth depression
Reduction in Cu absorption

Question 28

Minerals

Answer 28

Inorganic elements

At least 22 known minerals are required

2 Types: Macro and Trace