chapter 11 substance use - week 1 Flashcards
define substance use
Substance use is defined as the use or misuse of substance(s) despite the associated negative personal and social consequences.
Cause of substance use disorders
Substances of abuse increase the availability of dopamine in the “pleasure area” of the mesolimbic system of the brain. People get addicted to this feeling then mis-use the drug.
give a brief explanation of the brain reward system and the terms assoicated with it
substance increases availability of dopamine in ‘pleasure area’ of brain (known as brain reward system; creates sensation of pleasure in reaction to certain behaviors)
this can cause psychological dependence on the substance
when a dependence occurs it is known as a substance use disorder (can be mild moderate or severe)
When a substance is repeated mis-used long term, it create a tolerance
Even when someone quits the substance, the memory of the pleasurable experience is still there, causing relief cravings.
When someone who tries to quits the substance is in an environment which is associated with the drug, this can lead to reward craving
If someone who has been abstinence for a while take the substance its called a relapse
what is harm reduction
Harm Reduction is an evidence-based, client-centered approach that seeks to reduce the health and social harms associated with addiction and substance use, without necessarily requiring people who use substances from abstaining or stopping. Ex. using a nicotine patch instead of smoking
Nictotine class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class - stimulants
physio/phych effects
Increased arousal and alertness; performance enhancement; increased
heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure; cutaneous vasoconstriction; fine tremor, decreased appetite; antidiuretic effect; increased gastric motility
effects of overdose
Rare: Nausea, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, vomiting,
dizziness, weakness,
confusion, decreased
respirations, seizures,
death from respiratory
failure
withdrawal symptoms
Craving,
restlessness,
depression,
hyperirritability,
headache, insomnia,
decreased blood pressure and heart rate,
Increased appetite
Cocaine class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class - stimulants
physio/phych effects
Euphoria, grandiosity, mood swings, hyperactivity, hyperalertness, restlessness, anorexia, insomnia, hypertension, tachycardia, marked vasoconstriction, tremor, dysrhythmias, seizures, dilated pupils, diaphoresis
effects of overdose
Agitation; increased
temperature, heart rate,
respiratory rate, blood
pressure; cardiac
dysrhythmias, myocardial
infarction, hallucinations,
seizures, possible death
withdrawal symptoms
Severe craving,
severely
depressed
mood,
exhaustion,
prolonged sleep,
apathy,
irritability,
disorientation
Caffeine class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class - stimulants
physio/phych effects
Mood elevation, increased alertness,nervousness, jitteriness, irritability, insomnia; increased respirations, heart rate, and force of myocardial contraction; relaxation of smooth muscle, diuresis
effects of overdose
Rare: Hyperstimulation,
nervousness, confusion,
psychomotor agitation,
anxiety, dizziness, tinnitus, muscle twitching, elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, extrasystoles, increased respiratory rate
withdrawal symptoms
Headache,
irritability,
drowsiness,
fatigue
Alchohol class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class - depressants
physio/phych effects
Initial relaxation, emotional lability, decreased inhibitions, drowsiness, lack
of coordination, impaired judgement, slurred speech, hypotension, bradycardia, bradypnea
effects of overdose
Shallow respirations; cold,
clammy skin; weak, rapid
pulse; hyporeflexia, coma,
possible death
withdrawal symptoms
Anxiety,
agitation,
insomnia,
diaphoresis,
tremors,
delirium,
seizures,
possible death
Herion, Morphine, Codeine, Fentantyl…..etc. class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class - opioids
physio/phych effects
Analgesia, euphoria, drowsiness, detachment from environment, relaxation, constricted pupils, constipation, nausea, decreased respiratory rate, slurred speech, impaired judgement, decreased sexual and aggressive drives
effects of overdose
Slow, shallow
respirations; clammy skin;
constricted pupils; coma;
possible death
withdrawal symptoms
Watery eyes,
dilated pupils,
runny nose,
yawning,
tremors, pain,
chills, fever,
diaphoresis,
nausea,
vomiting,
diarrhea,
abdominal
cramps
Marijuana/ Hashish class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class - cannibas
physio/phych effects
Relaxation, euphoria, lack of
motivation, slowed time sensation, abrupt mood changes, impaired
memory and attention, impaired judgment, reddened eyes, dry mouth,
lack of coordination, decreased reflexes,
tachycardia, increased appetite
effects of overdose
Fatigue, paranoia, panic
reactions, hallucinogen-
like psychotic states
withdrawal symptoms
None except for
rare insomnia,
hyperactivity
Psilocybin (schrooms), MDMA, LSD…. etc class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class - hallucinogens
physio/phych effects
Perceptual distortions, hallucinations,
delusions (PCP), depersonalization,
heightened sensory perception,euphoria, mood swings, suspiciousness,
panic, impaired judgement, increased body temperature, hypertension, flushed face, tremor, dilated pupils, constricted pupils (PCP), nystagmus
(PCP), violence (PCP)
effects of overdose
Prolonged effects and
episodes, anxiety, panic,
confusion, blurred vision,
increases in blood
pressure and temperature,
seizures, coma, death
(PCP), skeletal muscle
contraction, dehydration,
paranoia, psychosis
withdrawal symptoms
None
Aerosal propellants, nitrous oxide (in whipping creams, hairspray, spray paint)…..etc class of drug and what are the consequences of misuse
class
physio/phych effects
Euphoria, decreased inhibitions, giddiness, slurred speech, illusions, drowsiness, clouded sensorium, tinnitus, nystagmus, dysrhythmias, cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; irritation to eyes, nose,mouth
effects of overdose
Anxiety, respiratory
depression, cardiac
dysrhythmias, loss of
consciousness, sudden
death, suicide
withdrawal symptoms
None
what is motivational interviewing and its benefits
Motivational interviewing is “a directive, patient-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping patients to explore and resolve ambivalence” Patientsare able to hear themselves speak and gain awareness of how they perceive their substance use.
Key aspects:
* Express empathy.
* Provide positive reinforcement and encouragement for gains made by the patient.
* Listen rather than tell.
* Gently persuade, with the understanding that change is up to the patient.
* Identify discrepancy between patient’s goals or values and current behaviour.
* Help the patient recognize the discrepancies between where he or she is and where he or she hopes to be.
* Avoid argument and direct confrontation, which can cause defensiveness and a power struggle.
* Adjust to, rather than oppose, patient resistance.
* Focus on the patient’s strengths to support the hope and optimism needed to make changes
age related considerations to substance abuse
Less likely to recognize misuse in older adults than younger adults (stereotypes) and will sometimes be associated with signs of the aging instead
Older adults patterns of misuse are usually different than younger younger adults
brain rewards system
creates the sensation of pleasure in reaction to certain behaviors that are required for survival of the human species, such as eating and sex
