Chapter 11 - Solutions and Colloids

Question 1

Alloy

Answer 1

Solid mixture of a metallic element and one or more additional elements

Question 2

Amphiphilic

Answer 2

Describes molecules possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Question 3

Boiling point elevation

Answer 3

Increase of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute

Question 4

Colligative property

Answer 4

Property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of a solute species

Question 5

Colloid

Answer 5

(aka: colloidal dispersion)

mixture in which relatively large solid or liquid particles are dispersed uniformly throughout a gas, liquid, or solid

Question 6

Crenation

Answer 6

Process whereby biological cells become shriveled due to loss of water by osmosis

Question 7

Dispersed phase

Answer 7

Substance present as relatively large solid or liquid particles in a colloid.

(may be considered analogous to the solute in a solution)

Question 8

Dispersion medium

Answer 8

Solid, liquid, or gas in which colloidal particles are dispersed

(may be considered analogous to the solvent in a solution)

Question 9

Dissociation

Answer 9

physical process accompanying the dissolution of an ionic compound in which the compound’s constituent ions are solvated and dispersed throughout the solution

Question 10

Electrolyte

Answer 10

A substance which produces ions when dissolved in water

Question 11

Emulsifying agent

Answer 11

Amphiphilic substance used to stabilize the particles of some emulsions

Question 12

Emulsion

Answer 12

Colloid formed from immiscible liquids

Question 13

Freezing point depression

Answer 13

The lowering of the freezing point of a liquid by addition of a solute

Question 14

Freezing point depression constant

Answer 14

(aka: cryoscopic constant)

Proportionality constant in the equation relating freezing point depression to solute molality

Question 15

Gel

Answer 15

Colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid

Question 16

Hemolysis

Answer 16

The rupture of red blood cells due to the accumulation of excess water by osmosis

Question 17

Henry’s law

Answer 17

the proportional relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas in a solution and the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution

Question 18

Hypertonic

Answer 18

Of greater osmotic pressure

Question 19

Hypotonic

Answer 19

Of less osmotic pressure

Question 20

Ideal solution

Answer 20

Solution that forms with no accompanying energy change

Question 21

Immiscible

Answer 21

Of negligible mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances

Question 22

Ion pair

Answer 22

Solvated anion/cation pair held together by moderate electrostatic attraction

Question 23

Ion-dipole attraction

Answer 23

Electrostatic attraction between an ion and a polar molecule

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

Of equal osmotic pressure

Question 25

Miscible

Answer 25

Mutually soluble in all proportions; typically refers to liquid substances

Question 26

Molality (m)

Answer 26

A concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of solvent in kilograms

Question 27

Nonelectrolyte

Answer 27

Substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water

Question 28

Osmosis

Answer 28

Diffusion of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 29

Osmotic pressure (II)

Answer 29

Opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 30

Partially miscible

Answer 30

Of moderate mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances

Question 31

Raoult’s law

Answer 31

The relationship between a solution’s vapor pressure and the vapor pressures and concentrations of its components

Question 32

Saturated

Answer 32

of concentration equal to solubility; containing the maximum concentration of solute possible for a given temperature and pressure

Question 33

Semipermeable membrane

Answer 33

A membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules

Question 34

Solubility

Answer 34

Extent to which a solute may be dissolved in water, or any solvent

Question 35

Solvation

Answer 35

exothermic process in which intermolecular attractive forces between the solute and solvent in a solution are established

Question 36

Spontaneous process

Answer 36

Physical or chemical change that occurs without the addition of energy from an external source

Question 37

Strong electrolyte

Answer 37

Substance that dissociates or ionizes completely when dissolved in water

Question 38

Supersaturated

Answer 38

Of concentration that exceeds solubility; a nonequilibrium state

Question 39

Suspension

Answer 39

Heterogeneous mixture in which relatively large component particles are temporarily dispersed but settle out over time

Question 40

Tyndall effect

Answer 40

Scattering of visible light by a colloidal dispersion

Question 41

Unsaturated

Answer 41

Of concentration less than solubility

Question 42

Van’t Hoff Factor (i)

Answer 42

the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution

Question 43

Weak electrolyte

Answer 43

Substance that ionizes only partially when dissolved in water