Chapter 10 - Liquids and Solids

Question 1

Adhesive Force

Answer 1

Force of attraction between molecules of different chemical identities

Question 2

Amorphous solid

Answer 2

(aka: noncrystalline solid)

Solid in which the particles lack an ordered internal structure

Question 3

Boiling point

Answer 3

Temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure of the gas above it

Question 4

Bragg equation

Answer 4

Equation that relates the angles at which x-rays are diffracted by the atoms within a crystal

Question 5

Capillary action

Answer 5

flow of liquid within a porous material due to the attraction of the liquid molecules to the surface of the material and to other liquid molecules

Question 6

Clausius-clapeyron equation

Answer 6

Mathematical relationship between the temperature, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization for a substance

Question 7

Cohesive force

Answer 7

Force of attraction between identical molecules

Question 8

Condensation

Answer 8

Change from a gaseous to a liquid state

Question 9

Covalent Network solid

Answer 9

Solid whose particles are held together by covalent bonds

Question 10

Critical point

Answer 10

Temperature and pressure above which a gas cannot be condensed into a liquid

Question 11

Crystalline solid

Answer 11

Solid in which the particles are arranged in a definite repeating pattern

Question 12

Deposition

Answer 12

Change from a gaseous state directly to a solid state

Question 13

Diffraction

Answer 13

Redirection of electromagnetic radiation that occurs when it encounters a physical barrier of appropriate dimensions

Question 14

Dipole dipole attraction

Answer 14

Intermolecular attraction between two permanent dipoles

Question 15

Dispersion force

Answer 15

(aka: London dispersion force)

attraction between two rapidly fluctuating, temporary dipoles; significant only when particles are very close together

Question 16

Freezing

Answer 16

Change from a liquid state to a solid state

Question 17

Freezing point

Answer 17

Temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium

Question 18

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 18

occurs when exceptionally strong dipoles attract; bonding that exists when hydrogen is bonded to one of the three most electronegative elements: N, O, or F

Question 19

Induced dipole

Answer 19

temporary dipole formed when the electrons of an atom or molecule are distorted by the instantaneous dipole of a neighboring atom or molecule

Question 20

Instantaneous dipole

Answer 20

Temporary dipole that occurs for a brief moment in time when the electrons of an atom or molecule are distributed asymmetrically

Question 21

Intermolecular force

Answer 21

Non-covalent attractive force between atoms, molecules, and/or ions

Question 22

Ionic solid

Answer 22

Solid composed of positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic attractions

Question 23

Isomorphous

Answer 23

Possessing the same crystalline structure

Question 24

Melting

Answer 24

Change from a solid state to a liquid state

Question 25

Melting point

Answer 25

Temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium

Question 26

Metallic solid

Answer 26

Solid composed of metal atoms

Question 27

Molecular solid

Answer 27

Solid composed of neutral molecules held together by intermolecular forces of attraction

Question 28

Normal boiling point

Answer 28

Temperature at which a liquids vapor pressure equals 1 atm (760 torr)

Question 29

Phase diagram

Answer 29

Pressure-temperature graph summarizing conditions under which the phases of a substance can exist

Question 30

Polarizability

Answer 30

Measure of the ability of a charge to distort a molecule’s charge distribution (electron cloud)

Question 31

Sublimation

Answer 31

Change from a solid state directly to gaseous state

Question 32

Supercritical fluid

Answer 32

substance at a temperature and pressure higher than its critical point; exhibits properties intermediate between those of gaseous and liquid states

Question 33

Surface tension

Answer 33

Energy required to increase the area, or length, of a liquid surface by a given amount

Question 34

Triple point

Answer 34

Temperature and pressure at which the vapor, liquid, and solid phases of a substance are in equilibrium

Question 35

Van der Waals Force

Answer 35

attractive or repulsive force between molecules, including dipole dipole, dipole induced dipole, and London dispersion forces; does not include forces due to covalent or ionic bonding, or the attraction between ions and molecules

Question 36

Vapor pressure

Answer 36

(aka: equilibrium vapor pressure)

pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with a solid or a liquid at a given temperature

Question 37

Vaporization

Answer 37

Change from liquid state to a gaseous state

Question 38

Viscosity

Answer 38

Measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow

Question 39

X-ray crystallography

Answer 39

experimental technique for determining distances between atoms in a crystal by measuring the angles at which x-rays are diffracted when passing through the crystal