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AECT110 > Chapter 11 Soils and Excavations > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Soils and Excavations Flashcards

1
Q

What is surface investigation?

A

It involves making a preliminary judgment about the site’s suitability for the proposed building.

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2
Q

What is the first part of surface investigation?

A

The first part of surface investigation is a visual assessment of the site’s topography, vegetation, storm water drainage pattern, foundation systems used in nearby buildings and their performance, and so on.

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3
Q

What is a subsurface investigation?

A

It deals with conditions below the ground surface to determine the requirements for the foundations and excavations.

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4
Q

The earth’s mineral matter is generally classified as what?

A

Rocks and soils

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5
Q

What does a topographic map do?

A

topographic map or survey drawing will locate other buildings, natural elements, and ground height.

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6
Q

What percent grade is the minimum for drainage ?

A

0.5%

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7
Q

What is a grade percentage range for a slope?

A

2% - 10%

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8
Q

What are 4 benefits of vegetation?

A
  1. Vegetation can create exterior protection, enclosure or act as a visual guide. 2. Vegetation creates a barrier from the inside out. 3. Vegetation creates a ceiling outside 4. Trees and vegetation are critical in stabilizing soil.
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9
Q

What are four important factors when selecting a site location?

A
  1. Weather 2. Topography 3. Solar orientation 4. context
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10
Q

How can vegetation affect site conditions?

A
  1. Site stabilization 2. Visibility 3. Internal/ external protection 4. Natural lighting control
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11
Q

What information can we get from a topographical map?

A
  1. Elevation changes
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12
Q

What is the solar orientation for North, West, East, and south in the northern hemisphere?

A
  1. East and West: Low on the horizon cause high thermal gains if not obstructed 2. North: Diffused light with low thermal gains and often good even light 3. South: Direct light throughout the day causing high thermal gains.
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13
Q

Is the solar orientation for the northern hemisphere the same as the southern hemisphere?

A

No. In the southern hemisphere, it is the reverse of the northern hemisphere.

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14
Q

If a client likes to wake up late in the morning, which direction should their bedroom face?

A

North

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15
Q

If a client wants to have solar panels on their roof, which side should they try to put most of the panels?

A

On the south side

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16
Q

In summer, trees may provide shade and help to keep a building cool. In the winter, the leaves of trees fall which allow light to come in and heat up the house. True or false?

A

True.

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17
Q

What is one of the primary concerns when testing soil?

A

The size of particles and their ability to hold water

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18
Q

Pertaining to soil, this is too big to lift with one hand

A

A boulder

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19
Q

Pertaining to soil, this is small enough to fit in one hand

A

A cobble

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20
Q

Pertaining to soil, these individual particles are small enough to fit between thumb and forefinger

A

Gravel

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21
Q

Pertaining to soil, these particles are too small to lift between fingers but can still be seen

A

Sand

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22
Q

Pertaining to soil, these particles are too small to be seen by the unaided eye

A

Clay and silt

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23
Q

The particles of clay are smaller than which other type of soil?

A

Silt

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24
Q

What type of soil is considered too weak to build a foundation on?

A

Organic material soil: Peat, Top soil, and other soils with plant matter and other organic materials.

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25
Q

What types of soil do we want to typically build on?

A

Boulder, Cobble, Gravel, and Sand

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26
Q

What types of soil can be very problematic to build on?

A

Clay, Silt, and Organic Material

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27
Q

What does liquid limit mean?

A

The water content at which the soil has such a small shear strength that it flows to close a groove of standard width when jarred in a specific manner

28
Q

What does plastic limit mean?

A

The water content at which the soil begins to crumble when rolled into threads of a specified size

29
Q

What does shrinkage limit mean?

A

The point when the reduction limit of water will not cause further shrinkage of soil.

30
Q

In the presence and absence of water, what happens to clayey soils?

A

In the presence of water, they will. In the absence of water, they shrink.

31
Q

Why are clayey soils considered unstable?

A

Because they contract and expand based on the presence of water

32
Q

Clayey soils are also referred to as what kind of soils?

A

Expansive soils

33
Q

What are cohesive soils?

A

Fine-grained soil particles that adhere to each other in the presence of water are called cohesive soils.

34
Q

What are non cohesive soils?

A

Coarse-grained soils that are typically single-grained, and lacking cohesiveness are called non cohesive soils.

35
Q

Clay soils are more cohesive than silt. True of False?

A

True

36
Q

Which type of soil is plate-shaped?

A

Clay

37
Q

Which type of soil is spherical shaped?

A

Silt

38
Q

Soil and rock consist essentially of the same matter

A

True

39
Q

In the commonly used soil classifications system, sand and silt are: a. coarse-grained soils b. Fine-grained soils c. Organic soils d. inorganic soils e. None of the above

A

None of the above

40
Q

Arrange the four commonly used classifications of soils in descending order.

A

Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay

41
Q

Cohesive soils are those in which dry soil particles tend to separate from each other when mixed with a small amount of water. True of False?

A

False.

42
Q

Some saturated sands and silts will lose all strength and flow like a liquid when subject to seismic forces. What is this commonly referred to as?

A

Soil liquification

43
Q

What is some of the most important factors when testing soil?

A
  1. Soil typology 2. Moisture content 3. Bearing capacity
44
Q

What is bearing capacity?

A

The bearing capacity of a soil is its strength to bear loads imposed on it by the structure.

45
Q

What kinds of soils are highly expansive?

A

Silts and Clays

46
Q

What soils have a highly variable bearing capacity?

A

Clay and silty soils have high bearing capacities when water is introduced.

47
Q

What options are there to obtained the required soil bearing capacity of a project?

A

Cut and fill Compacting the site Cap the cite

48
Q

What does it mean to: 1. Cut and fill a site 2. Compact a site 3. Cap the site.

A
  1. Cutting and filling a site refers to removing unwanted soil and replacing it with a preferred/more suitable type of soil. 2. Someone would compact a site if they feel the soil is already good, so they just bring out the rollers to level the soil. 3. Capping the site is where you ignore everything, maybe you compacted the soil, and then you just throw more material (soil) on top of it.
49
Q

When is it useful to cap a site?

A

In situations where the soil is contaminated or has environmental issues.

50
Q

What are the three types of excavations? Describe each

A
  1. Open excavations- Large (and often deep) excavations, such as for a basement 2. Trenches- Long, narrow excavations, such as for footings under a wall or utility pipes. 3. Pits - Excavations for the footing of an individual column, elevator shaft, and so on.
51
Q

What is grading?

A

Involves moving earth from one location of the site to another and changing the existing land surface to the desired finished surface configuration as per the site plan and drainage plan

52
Q

What two categories can grading be split into? Describe them

A

ROUGH GRADING: •This type of grading is done along with excavations for foundations, basements, and utility trenches. FINISH GRADING: •Finish grading is generally done toward the end of the project as per the landscape design.

53
Q

What are three excavation methods?

A

SLOPED EXCAVATION •Used in open and accessible sites. BENCHED EXCAVATION •Used to create a safe excavation area to avoid cave ins. SHEET EXCAVATION •Creates deep cuts when the site is restricted by buildings, property lines, or other edges

54
Q

What is one benefit of sloped or bench excavation and what is one draw back?

A

Sloped or benched excavation is less expensive than sheeted excavation, but requires a site without nearby property lines, adjacent structures, or other limits on excavation.

55
Q

What are tieback used for?

A

Tiebacks are used to tether the sheet, lagging, and piles to the bearing soil.

56
Q

From left to right, Name the three support systems

A

Tie backs, Rakers, Crosslot bracing

57
Q

What are secant piles?

A

Secant piles consists of two sets of interlocking contiguous piles

58
Q

What are contiguous bored piles and when are they used?

A

Contiguous bored piles used as supports for a deep basement excavation in a tight urban location. It is used in situations where the deep excavation is close to an adjacent building or property line.

59
Q

Are soil nails used in the same way as tie back? When is it better to use a soil nail than a tie back?

A

Soil Nails are used in much the same way as tiebacks, but at a greater interval. Soil nails are better when space is limited and tiebacks would collide with near by obstructions.

60
Q

What is Bentonite Slurry?

A

Bentonite Slurry is a fine clay slurry that is used to support a tench from cave in. •It can be easily displaced by pumping concrete into the trench. •Can also be left as a impermeable barrier.

61
Q

Is Bentonite Slurry heavier than concrete?

A

No. Concrete is heavier than bentonite slurry

62
Q

What is a hydromill?

A

A hydro mill is a specialized tool that allows for the simultaneous extraction of soil and the pumping of bentonite slurry to construct slurry walls in hard soil and at deep lengths.

63
Q

A tie back consists of a steel bar that is bolted to a horizontal beam called a ?

A

Waler

64
Q

What is a sheet pile?

A

Piles made of interlocking sheet steel driven into the ground to support an excavation.

65
Q

What are soldier piles?

A

H shaped steel columns

66
Q

What is lagging

A

Pressure treated, Rough sawn, Horizontal lumber members

67
Q
A

AECT110 (27 decks)

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