Chapter 11: Primary Health Care: Challenges and Opportunities for the Nursing Profession Flashcards
McCleary: Ross-Kerr and Wood’s Canadian Nursing Issues and Perspectives, 6th Edition
From the time of its introduction, primary health care (PHC) was conceptualized as which type of model?
a. Biomedical model
b. Social justice model
c. Resource allocation model
d. Needs-based assessment model
ANS: B
From the beginning, primary health care was conceptualized as a social justice model.
It has been suggested that the primary health care (PHC) principle of accessibility needs to be expanded beyond its conventional meaning of access to include which one of the following?
a. Care services related to behavioural determinants of health
b. Medical, dental, and alternative health care providers
c. All people in Canada, regardless of citizenship
d. The creation of a two-tiered health care system to help fund the PHC philosophy
ANS: A
It has been suggested that the PHC principle of accessibility needs to be expanded beyond its conventional meaning of access to health care services to include the social, economic, environmental, and behavioural determinants of health.
Which two principles of primary health care must be incorporated when addressing health determinants outside of the health sector?
a. Accessibility; public participation
b. Appropriate technology; intersectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration
c. Public participation; intersectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration
d. Health promotion and illness prevention; accessibility
ANS: C
Public participation and intersectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration are both required in order to address health determinants outside of the health sector.
The Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) (2018) position paper advocates a “health in all policies” orientation. What does this mean?
a. All nurses should include the social determinants of health in assessments and
interventions.
b. Everyone is entitled to the same health care policies.
c. All nurses should be involved in the development of health policies.
d. All policies should relate to health.
ANS: A
The CNA (2018) position paper advocates the “health in all policies” orientation and encourages all nurses to include social determinants of health in their assessments and interventions.
In which year was universal health care insurance introduced in Canada?
a. 1960
b. 1966
c. 1968
d. 1972
ANS: B
Universal health care insurance was introduced in Canada in 1966.
Which following action is an example of a primary health care strategy in Canada?
a. Providing unit space for computers
b. Increasing the number of acute care beds in hospitals
c. Developing nurse practitioner legislation
d. Lobbying for open visiting hours for all inpatients
ANS: C
Developing nurse practitioner legislation and funding and implementing nurse practitioner initiatives is an example of a primary health care strategy in Canada.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Every nurse can practice in any setting using primary health care principles.
b. Only community health nurses can practice in the community setting using
primary health care principles.
c. Only nurse practitioners can practice in the community using primary health care
principles.
d. Only physicians can practice in hospitals using primary health care principles.
ANS: A
Every nurse can practice in any setting using the principles of primary health care, which are foundational to achieving health for all and fundamental to the nurse’s role in enhancing health with individual, families, communities, and society.
Which of the following projects was supported by the Canadian Nurses Association
(CNA) and funded by the federal government’s Primary Health Care Transition Fund
(PHCTF)?
a. National Forum on Health
b. Canadian Nurse Practitioner Initiative
c. The Health Human Resource Project
d. Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies
ANS: B
The CNA’s advocacy for the role of nurse practitioners in a reformed PHC system led to the formation of the Canadian Nurse Practitioner Initiative (CNPI) funded by the Primary Health Care Transition Fund.
Which province opened the first nurse practitioner–led clinic in Canada?
a. Alberta
b. Quebec
c. Ontario
d. British Columbia
ANS: C
The first nurse practitioner–led clinic opened in Sudbury, Ontario, in August 2007.
Which one of the following is an example of a primary health care (PHC) strategy in
Canada?
a. Developing innovative technology for monitoring the costs of medications
b. Establishing telephone-based health information systems
c. Creating new point of care documentation systems
d. Funding for acute care in patient services
ANS: B
Examples of PHC strategies in Canada include developing nurse practitioner legislation, creating community health centres and shared care models, establishing telephone-based health information systems, and creating electronic health records.
A notable ongoing effect of the colonization of the Indigenous Peoples of Canada includes which of the following?
a. Documentation of traditional ways of knowing
b. Unacceptable quality of drinking water
c. Increased land rights
d. Enhanced health status
ANS: B
One significant effect of colonization of Indigenous Peoples of Canada is the unacceptable quality of drinking water in many Indigenous communities.
Which of the following reasons has been cited as reasons nurses are in a key position to advocate for policies that influence health?
a. Nurses have no labour organizations to negotiate with.
b. Nurses represent the largest group of health care providers.
c. Nurses are far removed from observing how policies influence health.
d. Nurses need to acquire new roles as the traditional ones are depleted.
ANS: B
Nurses are in a key position to advocate for policies that influence health because they observe firsthand how policies influence health, they are the largest group of health care providers, and they are organized into professional and labour organizations.
Timothy is a senior community health nurse working in a rural health clinic. Which
statement by Timothy indicates he understands the position of the Canadian Nurses
Association (CNA) on the role of the nurse practitioner (NP)?
a. An NP cannot replace a family physician.
b. An NP can replace a family physician.
c. An NP works alone.
d. An NP self-regulates.
ANS: A
The CNA’s position on the role of the NPs is that they do not replace doctors but rather work collaboratively with all health care providers.
The following are examples of suggestions for innovation in health care as identified by Indigenous leaders, health leaders, and primary health care (PHC) physicians and nurses in Alberta. (Select all that apply.)
a. Involve Indigenous elders in the reduction of violence
b. Monitor disease outbreaks in Indigenous communities
c. Create Indigenous electronic health records
d. Provide education on chronic diseases
e. Use telehealth to link Indigenous patients to elders
f. Create a coherent model for engagement and outreach
g. Increase funding for travel to health services
ANS: A, E, F
Suggestions for innovation identified by Indigenous leaders, provincial health system
leaders, and PHC physicians and nurses in Alberta include having a coherent model for community engagement and outreach; learning from the success of others, such as the reduction in violence through the involvement of elders; and using technology, such as telehealth, to link Indigenous patients to elders for support on their healing journeys.
Which of the following is considered a challenge when implementing primary health care (PHC)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Lack of funding for research
b. Community participation
c. Rigid staffing models
d. Effective interprofessional collaboration
e. Lack of nurse practitioners
f. Lack of family physicians
g. Appropriate models of care
ANS: A, B, D, G
Challenges when implementing PHC include lack of funding for research, community
participation, effective interprofessional collaboration, and appropriate models of care.
