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spirit burner (chemistry) > Chapter 11: Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon is a compound containing hydrogen and carbon only.

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2
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only

They are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

Define unsaturated?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a
-CH2 group

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5
Q

What is the simplest homologous series?

A

The alkanes

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6
Q

Define the term functional group

A
  • It is the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties
  • E.G alcohol and amine groups
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7
Q

What is the functional group for an alkene?

What is the functional group for an alcohol?

A
  • c=c

- OH

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8
Q

What is the functional group for an aldehyde?

What is the functional group of a ketone?

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A
  • CHO (C double bond 0 H)
  • C(CO)c ) (C-C double bond O C)
  • COOH (C- double bond O - O-H)
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9
Q

Define chemical formula

A
  • Different types of formula are used in chemistry to show the atoms in a molecule
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10
Q

What is the Molecular formula?

A
  • The molecular formula shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
  • It does not show how the atoms are joined together and different molecules can have the same molecular formula
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11
Q

Define empirical formula

A
  • The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound
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12
Q

What is the general formula?

A
  • The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
  • It can be used to generate the molecular formula
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13
Q

Define displayed formula

A

-A displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

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14
Q

What is structural formula?

A
  • The structural formula uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
  • It shows clearly which groups are bonded together
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15
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A
  • A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula
    You remove:
  • Carbon and hydrogen labels from carbon chains
  • Bonds to hydrogen atoms
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16
Q

What are the 3 mail classifications for hydrocarbons?

A
  • Aliphatic
  • Alicyclic
  • Aromatic
17
Q

define aliphatic

A
  • Carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
18
Q

define alicyclic

A
  • Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
19
Q

define aromatic

A
  • Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
20
Q

Define the term structural isomer

A
  • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
21
Q

Give an example of structural isomers

A

Butane and 2-methyl propane

22
Q

Isomers with the same functional group

A

In compounds containing a functional group, the functional group can be at different positions along the carbon chain

23
Q

sometimes two molecules containing different functional groups have the same molecular formula

A

Aldehyde’s and ketone’s with the same number of carbon atoms have the same molecular formulae

24
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond

  • Each atom now has a single unpaired electron
  • An atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron is called a radical
25
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond

  • The atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion
  • The atom that does not take the electrons becomes a positive ion
26
Q

What is a reaction mechanism?

A

In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs.

27
Q

What are curly arrows used for in reaction mechanisms?

A

They are used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are broken or made

28
Q

Types of reaction: Addition

A
  • In an addition reaction, two reactants join together to form one product
29
Q

Types of reaction: Substitution

A
  • In a substitution reaction, an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
30
Q

Types of reaction: Elimination

A
  • Involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one

spirit burner (chemistry) (4 decks)

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