Chapter 11: Organic chemistry Flashcards
What is a hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon is a compound containing hydrogen and carbon only.
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only
They are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Define unsaturated?
An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a
-CH2 group
What is the simplest homologous series?
The alkanes
Define the term functional group
- It is the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties
- E.G alcohol and amine groups
What is the functional group for an alkene?
What is the functional group for an alcohol?
- c=c
- OH
What is the functional group for an aldehyde?
What is the functional group of a ketone?
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
- CHO (C double bond 0 H)
- C(CO)c ) (C-C double bond O C)
- COOH (C- double bond O - O-H)
Define chemical formula
- Different types of formula are used in chemistry to show the atoms in a molecule
What is the Molecular formula?
- The molecular formula shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
- It does not show how the atoms are joined together and different molecules can have the same molecular formula
Define empirical formula
- The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound
What is the general formula?
- The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
- It can be used to generate the molecular formula
Define displayed formula
-A displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
What is structural formula?
- The structural formula uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
- It shows clearly which groups are bonded together
What is skeletal formula?
- A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula
You remove: - Carbon and hydrogen labels from carbon chains
- Bonds to hydrogen atoms
What are the 3 mail classifications for hydrocarbons?
- Aliphatic
- Alicyclic
- Aromatic
define aliphatic
- Carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
define alicyclic
- Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
define aromatic
- Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
Define the term structural isomer
- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Give an example of structural isomers
Butane and 2-methyl propane
Isomers with the same functional group
In compounds containing a functional group, the functional group can be at different positions along the carbon chain
sometimes two molecules containing different functional groups have the same molecular formula
Aldehyde’s and ketone’s with the same number of carbon atoms have the same molecular formulae
What is homolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
- Each atom now has a single unpaired electron
- An atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron is called a radical
