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Biology - Chapters 11-18 > Chapter 11 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Muscular System Flashcards

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0
Q

How many individual muscles are contained in the muscular system?

A

About 700

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1
Q

What is the muscular system composed of?

A

The voluntarily controlled muscles of the body

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2
Q

What is function of muscles in the muscular system?

A

To produce movements of body parts

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3
Q

How do skeletal muscles produce movement?

A

By exerting force on tendons, which pull the bones or other structures (such as skin)

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4
Q

What is the origin?

A

The attachment of a muscle’s tendon to a stationary bone

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5
Q

What is the insertion?

A

The attachment of the muscle’s tendon to the moveable bone

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6
Q

When two bones articulate with each other, do they both move?

A

No, they usually do not move equally in response to a contraction.
One bone remains stationary and the other is pulled toward it.

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7
Q

Is the origin usually proximal or distal?

Is the insertion usually proximal or distal?

A

Origin - proximal

Insertion - distal

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8
Q

Does the insertion get pulled towards the origin or

Does the origin get pulled towards the insertion?

A

Insertion pulled towards origin

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9
Q

What is the belly (body)?

A

The fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons

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10
Q

What are the actions of a muscle?

A

The main movements that occur when the muscle contracts

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11
Q

What is reverse muscle action? (RMA)

A

During specific movements of the body, the actions are reversed.
Therefore the positions of the origin and insertion of a specific muscle are switched.

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12
Q

Where is the belly of the muscle the extends the forearm located?

A

The triceps brachii, is located posterior to the humerus

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13
Q

What is a lever? What are the levers of the body?

A

A rigid structure that can move around a fixed point

Bones

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14
Q

What is the fulcrum? What serves as fulcrums in the body?

A

A fixed point that a lever moves around.

Joints.

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15
Q

What two different forces act on levers at two different points?

A

Effort - which causes movement

Load (or resistance) - which opposes movement

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16
Q

What is effort?

A

The force exerted by muscular contraction

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17
Q

What is the load (or resistance)?

A

The weight of the body part that is moved, or

Resistance that the body is trying to overcome

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18
Q

When does motion occur?

A

When the effort applied to the bone at the insertion exceeds the load

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19
Q

If you were to raise your forearm holding a book, what would be the fulcrum, the effort and the load?

A

Fulcrum - elbow
Effort - force of contraction of the biceps brachii
Load - weight of the forearm + weight of book

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20
Q

What is a mechanical advantage?

A

If the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort farther from the fulcrum
A small effort is required to move a large load

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21
Q

What is a mechanical disadvantage?

A

If the load is further from the fulcrum and the effort closer to the fulcrum
A large effort is required to move a small load

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22
Q

What are the three types of levers?

A
  1. First class lever
  2. Second class lever
  3. Third class lever
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23
Q

What is a first class lever?

A

Fulcrum is between the effort and the load

Scissors and see-saws

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24
Q

Does a first class lever have mechanical advantage or disadvantage?

A

Depends on whether the effort or the load is closer to the fulcrum

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25
Q

Give an example of a first class lever in the body.

A

When the head is raised,
Effort - contraction of posterior neck muscles
Fulcrum - atlanto-occipital joint
Load - weight of anterior portion of the skull

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26
Q

What is a second class lever?

A

The load is between the fulcrum and the effort

Wheelbarrow

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27
Q

Does a second class lever produce a mechanical advantage or disadvantage?

A

Always produce advantage (load is closer to fulcrum)

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28
Q

What does a second class lever sacrifice?

A

Sacrifices speed and range of motion for the greatest force

This lever produces the most force

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29
Q

Give an example of a second class lever in the body.

A

Standing up on your toes,
Fulcrum - ball of foot
Load - weight of the body
Effort - contraction of the calf muscle

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30
Q

What is a third class lever?

A

Effort is between the fulcrum and the load

Pair of forceps

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31
Q

Does a third class lever produce a mechanical advantage or disadvantage?

A

Always disadvantage - effort is always closer to the fulcrum

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32
Q

What does the arrangement of the third class lever favor?

A

Speed and range of motion over force

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33
Q

Give an example of a third class lever in the body.

A

The elbow joint
Fulcrum - elbow joint
Effort - the biceps brachii muscle
Load - weight of the arm

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34
Q

What kind of lever is the most common in the body?

A

Third class lever.

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35
Q

What are the five patterns that fascicles can form with respect to tendons?

A
  1. Parallel
  2. Fusiform (spindle-shaped, narrow toward the end and wide in the middle)
  3. Circular
  4. Triangular
  5. Pennate (shaped like a feather)
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36
Q

When a muscle fibre contracts, how much does it shorten?

A

To about 70% of its resting length

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37
Q

What is the benefit of long fibres in muscles?

A

Greater range of motion it can produce

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38
Q

What does the power of a muscle depend on?

A

It’s total cross-sectional area
(More fibres per cross-sectional area a muscle has, the more power it can produce)
A short fibre can contract as powerfully as a long one

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39
Q

The fascicle arrangement usually represents a compromise between what two things?

A

Power

Range of motion

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40
Q

What is the prime mover? (Or agonist)

A

One muscle contracts to cause an action while the paired muscle yields (the anatagonist)

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41
Q

What is the anatongonist?

A

The muscle that stretches or yields to the effects of the prime mover.

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42
Q

Can the agonist and antagonist muscles switch roles?

A

Yes! Extending or flexing the forearm causing them to switch.
Extending - triceps brachii is prime mover
Flexion - biceps brachii is prime mover

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43
Q

What happens if the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time?

A

If there is equal force, there is no movement.

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44
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A muscle that stabilizes intermediate joints or prevents unwanted movement in intermediate joints
Aid in the movement of the prime mover
*usually located close to the prime mover.

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45
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently
- steady the proximal end, while movement occurs at the distal end

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46
Q

What is a compartment?

A

A group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves that all have a common function

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47
Q

Describe the parallel arrangement of fascicles.

A

Parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle
Terminate at either end in flat tendons
Example - sternohyoid muscle

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48
Q

Describe the fusiform arrangement of fascicles.

A

Fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle
Terminate in flat tendons, where diameter is less than belly
Example - digastric muscle

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49
Q

Describe the circular arrangement of fascicles.

A

Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice
Example - orbicularis oculi muscle

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50
Q

Describe the triangular arrangement of fascicles.

A

Fascicles spread over broad area converge at thick central tendon
Gives muscle a triangular appearance
Example - pectoralis major muscle

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51
Q

Describe the unipennate arrangement of fascicles.

A

Fascicles arranged only on one side of tendon

Example - extensor digitorum longus muscle

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52
Q

Describe the bipennate arrangement of fascicles.

A

Fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
Example - rectus femoris muscle

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53
Q

Describe the multipennate arrangement of fascicles.

A

Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
Example - deltoid muscle

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54
Q

Describe the pennate arrangement of fascicles.

A

Short fascicles in relation to total muscle length

Tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle

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55
Q

What is the goal of stretching?

A
  1. Improved physical performance
  2. Decreased risk of injury
  3. Reduced muscle soreness
  4. Improved posture
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56
Q

How are muscles named? (7 features)

A
  1. Size
  2. Shape
  3. Action
  4. Number of origins
  5. Location
  6. Sites of origin
  7. Sites of insertion
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57
Q

Describe rectus.

A

Parallel to midline

*directional orientation

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58
Q

Describe transverse.

A

Perpendicular to midline

*directional orientation

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59
Q

Describe oblique.

A

Diagonal to midline

*directional orientation

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60
Q

Describe maximus.

A

Largest

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61
Q

Describe minimus.

A

Smallest

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62
Q

Describe longus.

A

Long

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63
Q

Describe brevis.

A

Short

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64
Q

Describe latissimus

A

Widest

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65
Q

Describe longissimus

A

Longest

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66
Q

Describe magnus.

A

Large

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67
Q

Describe major.

A

Larger

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68
Q

Describe minor.

A

Smaller

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69
Q

Describe vastus.

A

Huge

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70
Q

Describe deltoid.

A

Triangular

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71
Q

Describe trapezius.

A

Trapezoid

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72
Q

Describe serratus.

A

Saw-toothed

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73
Q

Describe rhomboid.

A

Diamond-shaped

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74
Q

Describe orbicularis.

A

Circular

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75
Q

Describe pectinate.

A

Comblike

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76
Q

Describe piriformis.

A

Pear-shaped

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77
Q

Describe platys.

A

Flat

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78
Q

Describe quadratus.

A

Square, four-sided

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79
Q

Describe gracilis.

A

Slender

80
Q

Describe flexor.

A

Decreases joint angle

81
Q

Describe extensor.

A

Increases joint angle

82
Q

Describe abductor.

A

Moves bones away from midline

83
Q

Describe adductor.

A

Moves bones closer to the midline

84
Q

Describe levator.

A

Raises or elevates body part

85
Q

Describe depressor.

A

Lowers or depresses body part

86
Q

Describe supinator.

A

Turns palm anteriorly

87
Q

Describe pronator.

A

Turns palm posteriorly

88
Q

Describe sphincter.

A

Decreases size of an opening

89
Q

Describe tensor.

A

Makes body part rigid

90
Q

Describe rotator.

A

Rotates bone around longitudinal axis

91
Q

Describe biceps.

A

Two origins

92
Q

Describe triceps.

A

Three origins

93
Q

Describe quadriceps.

A

Four origins

94
Q

Give an example of the location description.

A

Temporalis

Muscle near the temporal bone

95
Q

Give an example of origin and insertion description.

A

Sternocleiodmastroid

Originating on sternum and clavicle and inserting on mastoid process of temporal bone

96
Q

Which type of lever produces the most force?

A

Second class levers

97
Q

What is the occipitofrontalis: frontal belly?

A

Location: superficial to frontal bone
Action: draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles the skin of forehead horizontally as in look of surprise

98
Q

What is the occipitofrontalis: occipital belly?

A

Location: posterior portion, superficial to occipital bone
Action: draws scalp posteriorly

99
Q

What are the occipitofrontalis held together by?

A

Epicranial aponeurosis (sheet-like tendon)

100
Q

What is the orbicularis oris?

A

Location: surrounds the mouth
Action: closes and protrudes lips, as in kissing, compresses lips against teeth, and shapes lips during speech

101
Q

What is the zygomaticus major?

A

Location: runs along your cheekbone
Action: draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling

102
Q

What is the buccinator?

A

Location: major muscle portion of the cheek
Action: presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication (chewing) by keeping food between the teeth (and not between teeth and cheeks)

103
Q

What gland passes through the buccinator?

A

Salivary gland - passes through buccinator to reach oral cavity

104
Q

What is the orbicularis oculi?

A

Location: around your eye
Action: closes eye
- considered a sphincter b/c it closes an orifice

105
Q

What is the masseter?*

A

Location: beside mouth, outside and superficial of buccinator
Action: elevates mandible, as in closing mouth
Origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion: angle and ramus of mandible

106
Q

What is the temporalis?*

A

Location: on the temporal bone
Action: elevates and retracts mandible
Origin: temporal bone
Insertion: coronoid process and ramus of mandible

107
Q

What is the strongest muscle of mastication?

A

Masseter

108
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Muscles that move the lower jawbone (mandible) at the TMJ (temporomandibular joint)
- masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

109
Q

What is different about muscles of facial expression?

A

They move the skin rather than a joint

110
Q

What is the difference between sphincters and dilators?

A

Sphincter - closes

Dilator - opens

111
Q

What is the sternocleidomastoid?*

A

Location: sternum to below the ear
Action: rotate the head, flexes the neck, extends the head
Accessory: elevate sternum during forced inhalation
Origin: manubrium of sternum, clavicular head
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone

112
Q

Why is the sternocleidomastoid muscle an important landmark?

A

Divides the neck into two major triangles

- anterior and posterior

113
Q

What is the rectus abdominis?*

A

Location: “abs” extends entire length of anterior abdominal wall
Action: compress abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth, flexes vertebral column (lumbar portion)
RMA: flexes pelvis in the vertebral column
Origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
Insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

114
Q

What are tendinous intersections?

A

Rectus abdominis is interrupted by three transverse fibrous bands of tissue
- give rise to the “six” pack abs

115
Q

Why do some people have a 6 pack and some people have an 8 pack of abs?

A

Everyone has three transverse fibrous bands that intersect the rectus abdominis (tendinous intersections) but some people have a fourth below the level of the umbilicus

116
Q

What is the external oblique?

A

Location: superficial muscle, sides of abs
Action: compress abdomen and flex vertebral column, rotate vertebral column

117
Q

What is the internal oblique?

A

Location: intermediate flat muscle, extends at right angles to the external oblique
Action: compress abdomen and flex vertebral column, rotate vertebral column

118
Q

What do the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall do?

A

Help contain and protect the abdominal viscera; flex, laterally flex, and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdomen during forced exhalation, and produce the force required for defecation, urination, and childbirth

119
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Location: separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
Action: powers breathing, contraction results in inhalation (moves down), relaxation results in exhalation (moves up)

120
Q

What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Skin, fascia, four pairs of muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis)

121
Q

What is the external intercostal?

A

Location: superficial layer, they run interiorly and anteriorly from the rib above to the rib below
Action: elevate the ribs during inhalation to help expand the thoracic cavity
(Run armpit to stomach)

122
Q

What is the most important muscle for breathing?

A

Diaphragm

-external (elevate during inhalation) and internal (exhalation) intercostal muscles also aid in breathing

123
Q

What are the three major openings in the diaphragm?

A

Aorta (aortic hiatus)
Esophagus (esophageal hiatus)
Inferior vena cava (caval opening)

124
Q

What are the two groups of muscles that move the pectoral girdle?

A

Anterior

Posterior

125
Q

What is the trapezius?*

A

Location: superficial back muscle, extends from the skull and vertebral column medially to the pectoral girdle laterally (between the shoulder blades)
Action: elevate the scapula, adduct scapula, depress scapula, rotate scapula
Origin: superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T12
Insertion: clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula

126
Q

What is the levator scapulae?*

A

Location: narrow, elongated muscle in the posterior portion of the neck
Action: elevate the scapula and rotates it downward
Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4
Insertion: superior vertebral border of scapula

127
Q

What is the rhomboid major?

A

Location: lie deep to the trapezius, pass inferiorly and laterally from the vertebrae to the scapula
Action: elevates and adducts scapula, rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula

128
Q

What are the axial muscles of the shoulder joint?

A

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

- originate on the axial skeletal instead of the scapula

129
Q

What is the main action of the muscles that move the pectoral girdle?

A

Stabilize the scapula so it can function as a steady origin for most of the muscles that move the humerus

130
Q

What is the pectoralis major?*

A

Location: large, thick, fan-shaped muscle that covers the superior part of the thorax and forms the anterior fold of the thorax
Action: adducts and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint, clavicular head flexes arm, sternocostal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk
Origin: clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilage (2-6 ribs)
Insertion: greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

131
Q

What is the latissimus dorsi?

A

Location: broad, triangular shaped muscle located on the interior part of the back that forms most of the posterior wall of the axilla
Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly
RMA: elevates vertebral column and torso (pull-up)

132
Q

What is the deltoid?*

A

Location: thick, powerful shoulder muscle that covers the shoulder joint and forms the rounded contour
Action: abduct, flex & medially rotate, extend & laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint
Origin: acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

133
Q

What is the subscapularis?

A

Location: large triangular muscle that fills the subscapular fossa of the scapula and forms a small part of the apex of the posterior wall of the axilla
Action: medially rotates arm at shoulder joint

134
Q

What is the supraspinatus?*

A

Location: rounded muscle, on the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, lies deep to the trapezius
Action: assists deltoid muscles in abducting arm at shoulder joint
Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
-especially subject to wear and tear

135
Q

What are the four muscles of the shoulder that help strengthen and stabilize the shoulder joint? What do their tendons form?

A 
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor 
- join scapula to humerus 
- their tendons form the rotator cuff
136
Q

What is the infraspinatus?

A

Location: triangular muscle, infraspinous fossa of the scapula
Action: laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint

137
Q

What is the teres major?

A

Location: thick, flattened muscle inferior to the teres minor, helps form part of the posterior wall of the axilla
Action: extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint

138
Q

What is the teres minor?

A

Location: cylindrical, elongated muscle, often inseparable from the infraspinatus, which lies along its superior border
Action: laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint

139
Q

What is a rotator cuff injury?

A

Strain or tear in the rotator cuff muscles (baseball pitchers)

140
Q

What are the flexor muscles of the elbow joint?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

141
Q

What are the extensor muscles of the elbow joint?

A

Triceps brachii

Anconeus

142
Q

What is the biceps brachii?*

A

Location: largest muscle, anterior surface of the arm, spans both should and elbow joint
Action: flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joint, flexes arm at the shoulder joint
Origin: long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula, short head originates from coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosis

143
Q

What is the brachialis?

A

Location: deep to the biceps brachii, most powerful flexor of the forearm, “workhorse”
Action:flexes forearm at elbow joint

144
Q

What is the brachioradialis?

A

Location: lateral border of distal end of humerus to superior styloid process of radius
Action: flexes forearm at elbow joint; supinates and pronates forearm at radioulnar joints to neutral positions
- when quick action is required, or weight lifted slowly during flexion

145
Q

What are the triceps brachii?*

A

Location: large muscle located on the posterior surface of the arm
Action: extends forearm at elbow joint and extends arm at shoulder joint
Origin: long head originates from infraglenoid tubercle (scapula), lateral head originates from lateral and posterior surface of humerus, medial head originates from entire posterior surface of humerus inferior to a groove for the radial nerve
Insertion: olecranon of ulna

146
Q

What is the pronator teres?

A

Location: crosses inside of elbow (from humerus to radius)
Action: pronates forearm at radioulnar joint and weakly flexes forearm at elbow joint

147
Q

What is the supinator?

A

Location: top of elbow joint, humerus to radius
Action: supinates forearm at the radioulnar joint
- when you twist a corkscrew

148
Q

What is the flexor carpi radialis?*

A

Location: center portion of forearm (anterior side)
Action: flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: second and third metacarpals

149
Q

What is the muscle group called that moves the digits?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the hand

b/c they originate outside the hand and insert into it

150
Q

What are the two categories that the forearm muscles are divided into?

A
  1. Anterior (flexor) compartment (originate on humerus, insert on carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges)
  2. Posterior (extensor) compartment (originate on humerus, insert on metacarpals and phalanges)
151
Q

What is the order (lateral to medial) of the superficial anterior compartment muscles?

A
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • fleor capi ulnaris
152
Q

What is the palmaris longus?

A

Location: towards the pinky side, beside flexor carpi radialis
Action: weakly flexes hand at wrist joint

153
Q

What is the flexor carpi ulnaris?*

A

Location: towards the pinky side, beside palmaris longus
Action: flexes and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at wrist joint
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna
Insertion: pisiform, hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal

154
Q

What is the flexor digitorum superficialis?*

A

Location: deep to the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and flexor carpi ulnaris, largest superficial muscle of the forearm
Action: flexes middle phalanx of each finger at the proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpalphalangeal joint and hand at wrist joint
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateral margin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius
Insertion: middle phalanx of each finger

155
Q

What is the extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Location: from lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus to 2nd metacarpal
Action: extends and abducts hang at wrist joint (ulnar deviation)

156
Q

What is the extensor digitorum?*

A

Location: middle of the forearm, posterior side
Action: extends distal and middle phalanges of each finger at interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpophalangeal joint and hand at wrist joint
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: distal and middle phalanges of each finger

157
Q

What is the extensor carpi ulnaris?*

A

Location: posterior side, runs from elbow to pinky
Action: extends and adducts hand at wrist joint (ulnar deviation)
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
Insertion: 5th metacarpal

158
Q

What movements do the intrinsic muscles of the hand produce?

A

Weak but intricate and precise movements of the digits

159
Q

What are the three groups of intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A
  1. Thenar
  2. Hypothenar
  3. Intermediate
160
Q

What does the most dexterity of the hand depend on?

A

The movements of the thumb

161
Q

What are the general activities of the hand?

A

Free motion, power grip, precision handling, and pinch

162
Q

What are the 5 principal movements of the thumb?

A
  1. Flexion - movement across palm
  2. Extension - back to anatomical postion
  3. Abduction - up and away from palm
  4. Adduction - towards the back of the hand
  5. Opposition - moves thumb to meet a finger
163
Q

What is the most distinctive digital movement of humans?

A

Opposition of thumb.

164
Q

What are the muscles of the erector spinae muscle group?

A
  1. Iliocostalis group (lateral)
  2. Longissimus group (intermediate)
  3. Spinalis group (medial)
165
Q

What are the actions and location of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Location: largest mass muscle of the back, forms prominent bulge on either side of the vertebral column
Action: Extend the vertebral column, flexion, lateral flexion, rotatation of vertebral column, maintains lumbar curve

166
Q

How are the upper limb muscles different from the lower limb muscles?

A

Upper limbs are characterized by versatility of movement

Lower limbs function in stability, locomotion, and maintenance of posture

167
Q

What are the psoas major and iliacus commonly known as?

A

The iliopsoas muscle

they share a common insertion, lesser trochanter on femur

168
Q

What is the psoas major?*

A

Location: lumbar vertebrae to hip bone
Action: Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, flex trunk at hip joint (as in sitting up)
Origin: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

169
Q

What is the iliacus?

A

Location: inside of hip bone
Action: Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, flex trunk at hip joint (as in sitting up)

170
Q

What are the three gluteal muscles?

A
  1. Gluteus maximus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Gluteus minimus
171
Q

What is the gluteus maximus?*

A

Location: largest and heaviest, chief extensor of femur, butt muscle
Action: Extends thigh at hip joint, and laterally rotates thigh, helps lock knee in extension. RMA - extends torso
Origin: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, aponurosis of sacrospinalis
Insertion: iliotibial tract of fascia lata and superior lateral part of linea aspera (gluteal tuberosity) under the greather trochanter of femur

172
Q

What is the gluteus medius?

A

Location: above the gluteus maximus, but deep to the gluteus maximus
Action: abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh
*where you get injections

173
Q

What is the adductor longus?

A

Location: medial aspect of thigh
Action: adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh. RMA - extends thigh

174
Q

Why are adductor muscles unique?

A

They cross the thigh obliquely from an anterior origin to a posterior insertion. As a result, they laterally rotate the hip joint when the foot is off the ground but medially rotate the hip joint when the foot is on the ground

175
Q

What is the adductor magnus?

A

Location: medial aspect of thigh, posterior to adductor longus
Action: adducts thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh, anterior part flexes thigh at hip joint and posterior part extends thigh at hip joint

176
Q

What is the quadriceps femoris?

A

Location: anterior portion of thigh and sides of thigh
Action: all four heads extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris muscle acting alone also flexes thigh at hip joing

177
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A
  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus medialis
  4. Vastus intermedius
178
Q

What is the rectus femoris?*

A

Location: anterior portion of femur
Action:all four heads extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris muscle acting alone also flexes thigh at hip joing
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

179
Q

What is the vastus lateralis?

A

Location: lateral aspect of femur
Action: all four heads extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris muscle acting alone also flexes thigh at hip joing

180
Q

What is the vastus medialis?

A

Location: medial aspect of femur
Action: all four heads extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris muscle acting alone also flexes thigh at hip joing

181
Q

What is the vastus intermedius?

A

Location: deep to the rectus femoris
Action: all four heads extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris muscle acting alone also flexes thigh at hip joing

182
Q

What is the sartorius?

A

Location: long, narrow muscle from ilium to medial side of the tibia
Action: weakly flexes leg at knee joint, weakly flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

183
Q

What is also know as the tailor’s muscle?

A

Sartorius

184
Q

What are the three muscles of the hamstrings? What is the action of the hamstrings?

A
  1. Biceps femoris
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Semimembranosus
    Action: Flexes leg and extends thigh
185
Q

What is the biceps femoris?*

A

Location: posterior aspect of femur (in the middle)
Action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
Origin: long head arises from ischial tuberosity, short head arises from linea aspera of femur
Insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

186
Q

What is the semitendinosus?

A

Location: medial to biceps femoris
Action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint

187
Q

What is the semimembranosus?

A

Location: deep to semitendinosus
Action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint

188
Q

What is the tibialis anterior?*

A

Location: anterior surface of tibia
Action: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot at intertarsal joints
Origin: lateral condyle and body of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion: 1st metatarsal and 1st (medial) cuniform

189
Q

What is the extensor digitorum longus?*

A

Location: inbetween tibialis anterior and fibularis longus
Action: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and extends distal and middle phalanges of each toe at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of each toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula, and interosseous membrane
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of toes (2-5)

190
Q

What is the fibularis (peroneus) longus?

A

Location: lateral aspect of tibia
Action: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and everts (pronates) foot at intertarsal joints

191
Q

What is the gastrocnemius?*

A

Location: most superficial, big “calf” muscle
Action: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint
Origin: lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee
Insertion: calcaneus by way of calcaneal tendon (achilles)

192
Q

What is the soleus?

A

Location: lies deep to the gastrocnemius
Action: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint

193
Q

What is the flexor digitorum longus?*

A

Location: medial aspect of tibia
Action: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint, flexes distal and middle proximal phalanx of each toe at interphalangeal joints/metatarsophalangeal joint
Origin: middle 3rd of posterior surface of tibia
Insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5

194
Q

What do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg do?

A

Dorsiflex the foot

195
Q

What is the strongest tendon of the body?

A

Achilles tendon (calcaneal)

196
Q

What is the transverse abdominis?

A

Location: deep muscle of the abdomen, fascicles directed transversely
Action: compresses abdomen

196
Q

What is the internal intercostal?

A

Location: occupy intermediate layer, run at right angles to the external intercostal, interiorly and posteriorly from rib above to rib below
Action: draw adjacent ribs together during forced exhalation to help decrease size of the thoracic cavity
(Run sternum to hip)

Biology - Chapters 11-18 (8 decks)

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