Chapter 11 + Lecture 8 chatgpt questions

Question 1

What information should psychologists provide to patients to ensure they make informed decisions about treatment options?

Answer 1

Psychologists should inform patients of all evidence-based treatment options, which include medication options, psychological interventions the psychologist can provide, and also those they do not have the training to provide (in which case a referral would be necessary).

Question 2

How is obtaining consent from children for psychological interventions treated differently in various jurisdictions?

Answer 2

Different jurisdictions may set chronological ages at which children are presumed competent to give consent or require the psychologist to assess the child’s competence to give consent on a case-by-case basis.

Question 3

What is the difference between consent and assent when it comes to child participants?

Answer 3

A child who is not competent to give consent still has the right to have procedures explained in a simple manner and is asked to give assent, which is the verbal form of consent.

Question 4

What are the ethical implications of monitoring the effectiveness of services offered by psychologists?

Answer 4

Both evidence-based practice and ethical practice require psychologists to monitor the effectiveness of services. It would be considered unethical to persist in offering services to a client if those services did not prove helpful in addressing the problem.

Question 5

Does evidence-based practice require treatments to be based solely on highly controlled, internally valid, replicated studies?

Answer 5

Evidence-based practice does not require treatments to be based solely on highly controlled, internally valid, replicated studies. Instead, it requires psychologists to base treatment for a client on the best available evidence.

Question 6

How should psychologists approach situations where there is limited evidence about treatment efficacy?

Answer 6

In situations with limited evidence about treatment efficacy, the client should be informed of this limitation and asked to consent to treatment with full knowledge about the limited scientific basis for the treatment.

Question 7

What are some examples of psychological interventions that have harmful side effects?

Answer 7

Examples of psychological interventions with harmful side effects include “Scared straight” programs, which try to frighten adolescents at risk for ongoing criminal behavior and actually increase the odds of subsequent criminal offending, and Rebirthing therapy, which has resulted in a number of deaths.

Question 8

Why is it important for research evidence to be based on clients similar to those seeking services, and how does diversity impact treatment research?

Answer 8

Research evidence based on clients similar to those seeking services is important to ensure treatment relevance. It is challenging to adequately represent all aspects of human diversity, including age, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, and socioeconomic status, in treatment research.

Question 9

How should psychologists consider client characteristics when using research results to inform the type of treatment offered?

Answer 9

Psychologists must ask whether client characteristics affect the relevance of available research results when determining the type of treatment to offer. The extent to which the client is similar to participants in research trials can influence whether an evidence-based treatment should be adopted, adapted, or abandoned.

Question 10

What does the research evidence suggest about the efficacy of psychotherapy with ethnic minority clients?

Answer 10

The research evidence indicates that psychotherapy is generally efficacious with ethnic minority clients, and client ethnicity tends to have little impact on the efficacy of treatments for a range of disorders.

Question 11

How do short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies differ from other treatment approaches, and what techniques are used in short-term psychodynamic therapy?

Answer 11

Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies emphasize bringing unconscious processes, especially in interpersonal relationships, to awareness and helping clients understand and alter these processes. Techniques used in short-term psychodynamic therapy include reflection, clarification, interpretation, and confrontation.

Question 12

What are the key components and phases of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression?

Answer 12

Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression involves assessment of depressive symptoms and examination of the patient’s relationships. The subsequent phases are tailored to the client’s needs and address themes such as grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.

Question 13

How do process-experiential therapies differ from other therapeutic approaches, and what are the key elements of process-experiential therapy?

Answer 13

Process-experiential therapies combine elements of client-centered and Gestalt approaches into an emotion-focused treatment. Key elements of process-experiential therapy include increasing the client’s awareness of emotion, encouraging expression of emotions, enhancing emotion regulation abilities, aiding reflection on emotions, and transforming maladaptive emotions into adaptive ones.

Question 14

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what does it emphasize in treating psychological problems?

Answer 14

Cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes the role of thoughts and behavior in psychological problems and focuses on altering beliefs, expectations, and behaviors to improve the client’s functioning.

Question 15

How do cognitive-behavioral therapies foster a collaborative relationship between the therapist and client?

Answer 15

Cognitive-behavioral therapies foster a collaborative relationship by working together to identify problems, test hypotheses, and re-evaluate beliefs. The therapist uses didactic teaching methods and Socratic questioning to help the client.

Question 16

What are some alternative modes of service delivery in psychological therapy, and what is stepped care?

Answer 16

Alternative modes of service delivery include couples therapy, family interventions, group therapy, and self-administered treatments. Stepped care is an approach where lower-cost interventions are offered first, and more intensive and costly interventions are provided only to those for whom the initial intervention was insufficient.

Question 17

Is there strong evidence supporting the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for various psychological disorders?

Answer 17

Yes, there is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating a multitude of youth and adult disorders and conditions, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, substance abuse disorders, marital distress, and anger and stress-related problems.

Question 18

What were the early claims of efficacy in psychotherapy based on?

Answer 18

Early claims of efficacy in psychotherapy were based on authority, clinical experience, and sometimes case studies.

Question 19

How do meta-analyses offer a quantitative summary of results in psychotherapy research?

Answer 19

Meta-analyses convert findings into effect sizes, which are standardized metrics typically represented by d (for group differences) or r (for correlational analyses). They allow the findings of multiple studies to be combined and analyzed, revealing if the results of a study are typical or atypical.

Question 20

What are some criticisms of meta-analyses in psychotherapy research?

Answer 20

Some criticisms include the risk of garbage in, garbage out, comparing apples and oranges (including different treatments and measures in the same meta-analysis), not controlling for differences in sample size, using all results from a study rather than an average, and the risk of overestimating effects due to publication bias.

Question 21

What are the levels of evidence in evaluating treatment efficacy in psychotherapy?

Answer 21

The levels of evidence, as proposed by Nathan & Gorman (1998, 2002, 2007), include high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs), imperfect RCTs, open trials or pilot studies with no control conditions, meta-analyses, and qualitative literature reviews. Higher-quality evidence is prioritized, but even some evidence is considered better than no evidence.

Question 22

What does it mean for a treatment to be considered empirically supported?

Answer 22

For a treatment to be considered empirically supported, it needs to demonstrate superiority in two or more independent research settings with a sample size of three or more for single-case experiments. If there are conflicting findings, the majority must support the empirically supported treatment (EST) designation.

Question 23

What is the difference between evidence-based therapy and empirically supported treatments (ESTs)?

Answer 23

Evidence-based therapy considers all available evidence, including empirical research and other clinical information, client choice, and the likely costs and benefits of available options. On the other hand, EST designation is based solely on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and equivalent designs, focusing on the empirical research evidence.

Question 24

How do family therapy and group therapy differ from involving family members in individual therapy?

Answer 24

Family therapy and group therapy differ in their focus. Family therapy views psychological symptoms as arising from the family system and promotes change in the family system to alleviate symptoms. In contrast, involving family members in individual therapy still treats the individual as the primary client and may not address the family system dynamics directly.

Question 25

What are some unique aspects of family therapy compared to individual therapy?

Answer 25

Some unique aspects of family therapy include the need to learn family roles and the family’s idiosyncratic subculture to enhance communication or confront family members. Therapists must remain detached to avoid becoming overly identified with one faction at the expense of another. Additionally, family therapy often involves an increased focus on history and assessment to develop a shared frame of reference.

Question 26

What do meta-analyses offer in terms of evaluating psychotherapy outcomes?

Answer 26

Meta-analyses offer a quantitative summary of results, allowing researchers to see if the results of a study are typical or atypical. They also convert findings into effect sizes, typically using standardized metrics like SD or correlations.

Question 27

Which therapeutic approaches were found to be best for anxiety and mood disorders according to the meta-analyses?

Answer 27

Cognitive therapy, CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy were found to be the best therapeutic approaches for anxiety and mood disorders.

Question 28

How have newer meta-analyses improved their focus and methodology compared to earlier ones?

Answer 28

Newer meta-analyses have become more focused, often concentrating on specific disorders and specific treatments for those disorders. They have also adopted stricter inclusion criteria, strategic approaches, and methods to assess probable publication bias and correct for study characteristics statistically.

Question 29

How does the therapeutic relationship contribute to the success of psychotherapy, and what are some factors that influence treatment decisions?

Answer 29

The therapeutic relationship, also known as the therapeutic alliance, is important and contributes to the success of psychotherapy. Factors that influence treatment decisions include treatment flexibility, research support in effectiveness studies, past success with a treatment in one’s practice, easy implementation of a treatment, accessible training and supervision, and more.

Question 30

What are some curative factors commonly found in various therapies?

Answer 30

Curative factors commonly found in various therapies include imparting information, instilling hope, universality, altruism, interpersonal learning, imitative behavior, corrective recapitulation of the primary family, catharsis, and group cohesiveness.

Question 31

Why is it essential to be cautious about physical contact with clients during therapy sessions?

Answer 31

Physical contact can communicate various messages, and it is essential to be cautious and respectful about physical contact during therapy sessions to avoid misinterpretations, maintain professional boundaries, and prevent any harm or exploitation to the client.

Question 32

What are the therapeutic tasks in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy?

Answer 32

phase 1: developing a positive transference relationship- identifying themes that are important for the patient.
phase 2: analyzing the transference relationship- enjoying themes through clarification and confrontation.
phase 3: terminating therapy: dealing with loss, dealing with respectable challenges in life

Question 33

What are the Phases of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression?

Answer 33

Initial session (1-3):
- assess symptoms,
- diagnose and explain depressive disorder, assess interpersonal context (current and past), present IPT formulation of patients’ problems.

Intermediate sessions (4-12) Addressing one or more of the following themes:
Grief: help patient deal with a loss; promote healthy mourning.
- facilitate the development of new relationships.

Role disputes:
- identify disputes,
- formulate plan for dispute resolution,
- modify communication and/ or change expectations to resolve dispute.

Role transitions:
- Leave old role and mourn its loss if necessary
- develop skills, coping strategies, and support for transition.

Interpersonal deficits:
- Build social skills
- increase social involvement

Termination phase (13-16)
- Acknowledge worries and sadness related to ending therapy
- encourage awareness and practice of new skills
- anticipate future challenges In which new skills will be employed.

Question 34

What are the principles of process-experiential therapy?

Answer 34

1. Fostering a therapeutic relationship
   - Enter and track client’s experiences
   - Express empathy and genuine valuing of the client and the client’s experience
   - facilitate mutual involvement in setting the goals and asks of therapy
2. facilitating work on therapeutic tasks
   - facilitate optimal client experiential processing
   - Foster client growth and self-determination
   facilitate client completion of key therapeutic tasks
3. experiential response modes
   - utilize simple empathy responses
   -engage in empathic exploration of client experience in session
   - encourage the client to stay “in the moment” to focus on the experience
4. therapeutic tasks
   - aid the client in exploring the emotions and experiences
   - use reflection and active expressions of client emotional states
   - use the therapeutic relationship to support and facilitate client exploration.

Question 35

What are the phases of cognitive-behavioural therapy?

Answer 35

Assessment phase:
- integrate data from interviews, direct observation, rating scales, and self-monitoring
- establish concrete, collaboratively agreed-upon treatment goals

Intervention phase:
1. provide psychoeducational information about the nature of the client’s problems/ conditions
2. introduce skills in session:
- behavioural skills could include assertiveness, relaxation, engaging in enjoyable activities, using self-reinforcement to develop and maintain behaviours, or exposing oneself to feared stimuli.
- cognitive skills could include developing strategies to dispute automatic negative thoughts and using cognitive restructuring strategies to challenge and evaluate the accuracy of one’s beliefs, assumptions, and expectations
- cognitive- behavioural skills could include developing problem-solving skills, and stress management skills and communication skills to improve interpersonal relationships.
3. practise skills in session and then as homework assignments, reviewing them in the following sessions
4. endure that skills learned in the session are generalized to the client’s day-to-day life context.
5. review progress toward agreed-upon treatment goals session by session.

Termination phase:
- review treatment goals and the extent to which they were achieved
- review skills learned in therapy and their application to daily life
- anticipate future challenges and how they could be handled.

Booster session:
- review treatment goals and the extent to which they were achieved
- review skills learned in therapy and their application to daily life
- anticipate future challenges and how they could be handled.