Chapter 11 - Intro to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
what is organic chemistry
the study of carbon comoounds
what is an organic comound
a compound made up of carbon bonded to other elements, usually hydrogen, nitrogen or oxygen
what is a general formula
an algebraic formula that describes a homologous series of organic compounds
what is the empirical formula
a formula which shows the lowest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in compounds
what is the molecular formula
a formula showing the actual number or atoms of each element present in a compound
what is the structural formula
a formula which shows how atoms are arranged in the molecule by tracing the carbon backbone and showing what atoms are bonding to what atoms, it indicates the functional group also.
what is the skeletalformula
a formula which displays the bonding framework using only lines, but shows the functional group using symbols
it traces the carbon carbon bonds
what is the displayed formula
a formula which shows the exact arrangement of all the atoms and every bond between them
how can you determine the name of a n organic compound using its structural formula
- find the longest chain of hydrocarbons
- identify the key functional group
- number the chain of carbons starting with the carbon bonded closest to the functional group
- identify the side chain prefixes and the number carbon they are on
- add multipliers if there are multiple of the same side chains
- put it all together: start with the side chains in alphabetical order (the multipliers do not affect this) then add the name of the carbon chain and finally end with the functional group suffix
what defines a homologous series of compounds
all members have the same functional group and same general formula
each subsequent member differs by a CH2 unit
what is a benzene ring
a hexagonal structure of carbon atoms with a ring of delocalised electrons.
what is a saturated compound
a compound with only single c-c bonds
what is an unsaturated compound
a compound with double or triple bonds between C atoms
what is an alkyl group
a side chain on an organic molecule
what is an alkene
an organic molecule with a c double carbon bond
denoted by the suffix -ene
what is an alkyne
an organic molecule with a c triple bond
denoted by the suffix -yne
what is a halogenoalkane
an organic molecule which contains a halogen atom
denoted by the prefixes Fluoro- / Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-
what is an alcohol
an organic molecule with a OH group bonded to a C atom
denoted by the suffix -ol
what is an aldehyde
an organic molecule with an oxygen carbon double bond and a carbon hydrogen single bond on the same atom
denoted by the suffix -al
what is a ketone
an organic molecule with an oxygen carbon double bond
denoted by the suffix -one
what is a carboxylic acid
an organic molecule with a COOH group
denoted by the suffix -oic acid
what is an ester
an organic molecule with two hydrcarbon chains joined by a -COO- group
denoted by alkyl (the first part of the molecule) -oate (the second part of the molecule)
what is an amide
an organic molecule with an NH2 group
denoted by the suffix -amide
what is an acyl chloride
an organic molecule with a COCl group (like the COOH group but the OH is replaced by a Cl atom)
denoted by the suffix -oyl chloride
what is an arene
an aromatic hydrocarbon with delocalised electrons
denoted by the suffix -benzene (if it is a benzene) or the prefix phenyl-
what is structural isomerism
molecules with the same molecular formulas but different displayed formulas
same number and type of atoms but different bonds
what is stereoisomerism
molecules with the same molecular and displayed formulas, but different spatial arrangement of atoms
what are the 3 types of structural isomers, define them
chain isomer- these differ with the carbon skeleton arrangement
positional isomers- have the functional group attached to different carbon atoms in the chain
functional group isomers- atoms which have different functional groups
why do E/Z isomers occur
because of the limited rotation of a carbon carbon double bond
carbon carbon single bonds have unlimited rotation in contrast
you can only have E/Z isomerism of both sides of the double bond have two groups of different atomic number, for example H2C=CH(CH3) cannot have E/Z isomers
what is a Z isomer
a molecule with the highest priority groups on the same side of the double bond
what is an E isomer
a molecule wioth the highest priority groups on opposite sides of the double bond
how is priority assigned in E/Z isomeris
using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules
the group with the highest atomic number has priority
