Chapter 11 - Intro to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

what is organic chemistry

Answer 1

the study of carbon comoounds

Question 2

what is an organic comound

Answer 2

a compound made up of carbon bonded to other elements, usually hydrogen, nitrogen or oxygen

Question 3

what is a general formula

Answer 3

an algebraic formula that describes a homologous series of organic compounds

Question 4

what is the empirical formula

Answer 4

a formula which shows the lowest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in compounds

Question 5

what is the molecular formula

Answer 5

a formula showing the actual number or atoms of each element present in a compound

Question 6

what is the structural formula

Answer 6

a formula which shows how atoms are arranged in the molecule by tracing the carbon backbone and showing what atoms are bonding to what atoms, it indicates the functional group also.

Question 7

what is the skeletalformula

Answer 7

a formula which displays the bonding framework using only lines, but shows the functional group using symbols
it traces the carbon carbon bonds

Question 8

what is the displayed formula

Answer 8

a formula which shows the exact arrangement of all the atoms and every bond between them

Question 9

how can you determine the name of a n organic compound using its structural formula

Answer 9

1. find the longest chain of hydrocarbons
2. identify the key functional group
3. number the chain of carbons starting with the carbon bonded closest to the functional group
4. identify the side chain prefixes and the number carbon they are on
5. add multipliers if there are multiple of the same side chains
6. put it all together: start with the side chains in alphabetical order (the multipliers do not affect this) then add the name of the carbon chain and finally end with the functional group suffix

Question 10

what defines a homologous series of compounds

Answer 10

all members have the same functional group and same general formula
each subsequent member differs by a CH2 unit

Question 11

what is a benzene ring

Answer 11

a hexagonal structure of carbon atoms with a ring of delocalised electrons.

Question 12

what is a saturated compound

Answer 12

a compound with only single c-c bonds

Question 13

what is an unsaturated compound

Answer 13

a compound with double or triple bonds between C atoms

Question 14

what is an alkyl group

Answer 14

a side chain on an organic molecule

Question 15

what is an alkene

Answer 15

an organic molecule with a c double carbon bond
denoted by the suffix -ene

Question 16

what is an alkyne

Answer 16

an organic molecule with a c triple bond
denoted by the suffix -yne

Question 17

what is a halogenoalkane

Answer 17

an organic molecule which contains a halogen atom
denoted by the prefixes Fluoro- / Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-

Question 18

what is an alcohol

Answer 18

an organic molecule with a OH group bonded to a C atom
denoted by the suffix -ol

Question 19

what is an aldehyde

Answer 19

an organic molecule with an oxygen carbon double bond and a carbon hydrogen single bond on the same atom
denoted by the suffix -al

Question 20

what is a ketone

Answer 20

an organic molecule with an oxygen carbon double bond
denoted by the suffix -one

Question 21

what is a carboxylic acid

Answer 21

an organic molecule with a COOH group
denoted by the suffix -oic acid

Question 22

what is an ester

Answer 22

an organic molecule with two hydrcarbon chains joined by a -COO- group
denoted by alkyl (the first part of the molecule) -oate (the second part of the molecule)

Question 23

what is an amide

Answer 23

an organic molecule with an NH2 group
denoted by the suffix -amide

Question 24

what is an acyl chloride

Answer 24

an organic molecule with a COCl group (like the COOH group but the OH is replaced by a Cl atom)
denoted by the suffix -oyl chloride

Question 25

what is an arene

Answer 25

an aromatic hydrocarbon with delocalised electrons denoted by the suffix -benzene (if it is a benzene) or the prefix phenyl-

Question 26

what is structural isomerism

Answer 26

molecules with the same molecular formulas but different displayed formulas same number and type of atoms but different bonds

Question 27

what is stereoisomerism

Answer 27

molecules with the same molecular and displayed formulas, but different spatial arrangement of atoms

Question 28

what are the 3 types of structural isomers, define them

Answer 28

chain isomer- these differ with the carbon skeleton arrangement positional isomers- have the functional group attached to different carbon atoms in the chain functional group isomers- atoms which have different functional groups

Question 29

why do E/Z isomers occur

Answer 29

because of the limited rotation of a carbon carbon double bond carbon carbon single bonds have unlimited rotation in contrast you can only have E/Z isomerism of both sides of the double bond have two groups of different atomic number, for example H2C=CH(CH3) cannot have E/Z isomers

Question 30

what is a Z isomer

Answer 30

a molecule with the highest priority groups on the same side of the double bond

Question 31

what is an E isomer

Answer 31

a molecule wioth the highest priority groups on opposite sides of the double bond

Question 32

how is priority assigned in E/Z isomeris

Answer 32

using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules the group with the highest atomic number has priority