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Biology > Chapter 11 Intro to Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Intro to Human Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues

A

Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, and Connective

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2
Q

what are Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, and Connective

A

4 types of tissue

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3
Q

Made of cells that contract
- Take coordination by the cells

A

Muscular tissues

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissues

A

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

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5
Q

What are Muscular tissues made of

A

Cells that contract

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6
Q

what are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

A

the three types of muscular tissues

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7
Q

moves bones and is voluntary

A

skeletal

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8
Q

what does skeletal muscular tissues do

A

moves bones and is voluntary

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9
Q

Involuntary functions such as breathing and digestion

A

smooth

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10
Q

what does smooth muscular tissue do

A

Involuntary functions such as breathing and digestion

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11
Q

muscle of the heart and involuntary movement

A

Cardiac muscles

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12
Q

what are Cardiac muscles

A

muscles of the heart and involuntary movement

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13
Q

Contains cells that receive and transmit messages in the form of electrical impulse

A

neurons

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14
Q

can change in the internal or external environment, movement, pain, etc.

A

Neurons

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15
Q

Made of layers of cells that line or cover all internal and external body surface

A

Epithelial Tissue

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16
Q

Cells are tightly bound together to provide protection

A

Epithelial Tissue

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17
Q

Layers are found in various thickness depending on needs

A

Epithelial Tissue

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18
Q

Binds, support, and protects structures in the body

A

Connective tissue

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19
Q

It’s the most abundant and diverse type of tissues

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

It includes bones, cartilage, tendons, fat and blood

A

Connective tissue

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21
Q

Solid, Semi solid, or liquid that surrounds cells

A

Matrix

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22
Q

Consists of cells embedded in a matrix

A

Connective tissue

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23
Q

cell into

A

tissues

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24
Q

tissues into

A

organs

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25
Q

organs into

A

systems

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26
Q

systems into

A

organism

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27
Q

how many bones are in the body

A

206

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28
Q

what are the two skeletal systems

A

Axial and Appendicular

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29
Q

Skull, ribs, spine and sternum (central bones)

A

Axial skeleton

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30
Q

Arms, legs, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, etc (peripheral bones)

A

Appendicular skeleton

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31
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A

to support, give shape and structure, protect internal organs, store minerals, produce blood cells

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32
Q

what minerals stored in the bone

A

calcium and phosphorus

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33
Q

What is the shape of a bone

A

overall cylindrical shape

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34
Q

what is the center of a bone like

A

Porceus center

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35
Q

what is a spongy bone

A

a hard bone with small holes that make it appear like a sponge.

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36
Q

What does the layer of hard compact bone do

A

provides strength

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37
Q

Layer of hard compact bone charatists

A

composed of hollow cylinders, the center is called a Haversian canal.

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38
Q

what is the center of the hard compact bone called

A

Haversian Canal

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39
Q

what does Haversian Canal do

A

carries nerves and blood vessels to provide nourishment to bone tissue

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40
Q

what is the Periosteum

A

tough outer membrane

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41
Q

what does the Periosteum contain

A

Network of blood vessels and nerves

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42
Q

Ossification

A

the process of bones growth, repair, and remodeling

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43
Q

Osteocycle

A

Mature bone cells that become trapped within bone. Monitors health of bone

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44
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone cells that “Build” new bone

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45
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone cells that “break down” old bones

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46
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

produces red blood cells

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47
Q

Where is red bone marrow found

A

found in spongy bone of long bones, ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae.

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48
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

energy reserve

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49
Q

where is Yellow bone Marrow found

A

center of long bone

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50
Q

what is Yellow Bone Marrow made of

A

fat cells

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51
Q

Joints

A

any place where two bones articulate

52
Q

what are the three types of joints

A

fixed, Semi-moveable, and moveable

53
Q

Moveable joints

A

flexion and extension

54
Q

which joints flex and extend

A

Moveable joints

55
Q

what is an example of the Moveable joints

A

elbow

56
Q

pivot joint

A

rotation

57
Q

what joint rotates

A

Pivot joint

58
Q

what is an example of pivot joint

A

cervical vertebrae (part of the neck)

59
Q

what is an example of pivot joint

A

cervical vertebrae (part of the neck)

60
Q

ball and socket joint

A

circular rotation

61
Q

what joint makes circular rotation

A

ball and socket joint

62
Q

what is an example of a ball and socket joint

A

hip

63
Q

what is an example of a gliding joint

A

ankle

64
Q

what does a gliding joint do

A

slide in multiple direction

65
Q

what joint slides from side to side

A

gliding joint

66
Q

tissue that connects two or more bones together

A

ligaments

67
Q

Ligaments

A

tissue that connects two or more bones together

68
Q

stabilize joints

A

Ligament

69
Q

tissue that connects muscle to bone

A

Tendon

70
Q

Tendon

A

tissue that connects muscle to bone

71
Q

tissue that protects the end of bones from friction

A

cartilage

72
Q

fluid filled sac found within large joints to provide cushioning

A

Bursa

73
Q

What is a Bursa

A

fluid filled sac found within large joints to provide cushioning

74
Q

skeletal muscle

A

moves skeleton

75
Q

what are skeletal muscles made of

A

elongated cells called muscle fibers

76
Q

elongated cells

A

muscle fibers

77
Q

has many nuclei and has dark stripes called “striations”

A

Skeletal Muscles

78
Q

dark stripes

A

striations

79
Q

grouped in dense bundles called

A

fascicles

80
Q

A group in dense bundles called fascicles

A

skeletal muscle

81
Q

forms walls of the stomach, blood vessels and other organs

A

Smooth muscles

82
Q

what do smooth muscles make up

A

stomach walls, blood vessels and other organs

83
Q

Single Nucleus, No Striations, form interlaced sheets

A

Smooth Muscle

84
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

Single Nucleus, No Striations, form interlaced sheets
INVOLUNTARY

85
Q

make up the wall of the heart

A

cardiac muscles

86
Q

what do cardiac muscles make up

A

the wall of the heart

87
Q

single nucleus, has striations, branched

A

cardiac muscles

88
Q

what do muscles use as an energy sources

A

ATP

89
Q

It’s an all or nothing response. Either fibers contract or it doesn’t

A

muscle contrations

90
Q

It’s an all or nothing response. Either fibers contract or it doesn’t

A

muscle contractions

91
Q

Can happen from an inadequate supply of ATP

A

Muscle fatigue

92
Q

Can cause muscles to cramp or lose strength

A

inadequate supply of ATP

93
Q

skeletal muscles are made up of

A

1,000s of muscle fibers

94
Q

fibers cells made of units called

A

myofibrils

95
Q

thread-like bundles made of proteins fibers

A

Myofibrils

96
Q

what are the two types of overlapping proteins

A

myosin and actin

97
Q

Myosin

A

Thick

98
Q

Actin

A

Thin

99
Q

region from one 2 time to the next

A

sarcomere

100
Q

Sarcomere into

A

Myofibrils

101
Q

Myofibrils into

A

Muscle fiber

102
Q

muscle fibers into

A

fascicle

103
Q

fascicle into

A

muscles

104
Q

what enters the sarcomere when signaled by a nerve cells

A

calcium ions

105
Q

what allows Myosin heads to bind to Actin

A

calcium ions

106
Q

what do Myosin heads do

A

bend inwards, pulling the Actin filaments

107
Q

what does the Myosin heads bending inwards, pulling the Actin filaments do

A

It shortens the Sarcomeres (muscle)

108
Q

what is needed to “rest” the Myosin heads

A

ATP

109
Q

the point of where muscles attach to the stationary bone (ex. bicep attaching to scapula)

A

Origin

110
Q

the point where the muscle attaches to the moving bines (ex. bicep, attaching to the radius)

A

Inseration

111
Q

a muscle that bends a joint (biceps)

A

flexor

112
Q

a muscle that straightens a joint (triceps)

A

extensor

113
Q

Skin functions

A

Barrier between inside and outside
produces vitamin D
protects against disease
Eliminate waste
regulate body temperature
retain body fluids

114
Q

what are the 3 layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis

115
Q

the outermost layer of skin on your body

A

epidermis

116
Q

The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin

A

dermis

117
Q

the bottom layer of skin in your body

A

hypodermis

118
Q

epidermis

A

made of mostly dead cells

119
Q

Dermis

A

all living cells

120
Q

what has sensory nerves to detect heat, pain, cold, etc.

A

Dermis

121
Q

has hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, blood vessels, and tiny muscles.

A

Dermis

122
Q

used to rid the body of wastes and regulate body temperatures

A

Sweat glands

123
Q

protects the body from some bacteria, soften the skin and hair, and prevents water loss

A

oil glands

124
Q

what is the oil called

A

sebum

125
Q

what are nails made of

A

Keratin

Biology (2 decks)

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