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Immunology > Chapter 11: Immunological Memory And Vaccination > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Immunological Memory And Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

In a person with ________________ memory the second infection is usually cleared before it produces any symptoms

A
  • immunological
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2
Q

The __________ formed during a primary immune response prevent reinfection for several months after disease.

A
  • antibodies
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3
Q

Immunological memory is stained by _________ clones of long-lived memory T cells and B cells

A
  • clones

- both effector B and T cells and memory B and T cells are produced during a primary immune response

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4
Q

___________ against a pathogen can generate immunological memory that persists for life

A
  • vaccination
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5
Q

Long lived clones of memory ____ and ______ cells are produced in the _______________ immune response

A
  • B and T

- primary

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6
Q

Pathogen-specific memory B cells are more abundant and make better antibodies in _________ response than do naive B cells

A
  • secondary
  • key features that make the secondary response stringer than the primary response are the greater numbers of antigen specific B cells present at the start of the secondary response and the preferential use of isotype-switched clones of B cells that express higher-affinity immunoglobulins as a result of somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
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7
Q

Only memory B cells, and not naive B cells, participate in the secondary immune response. How?

A
  • IgG antibody suppress the activation of naive B cells by cross linking the BCR and FC-gamma-RIIB1 on the B cell surface
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8
Q

Immune- complex mediated inhibition of naive B cells is used to prevent hemolytic anemia of the newborn

A
  • Rhesus blood group antigen (Rh) expressed by erythrocytes is absent in a minority of individuals.
  • Rh- mothers carrying Rh+ fetuses become exposed to fetal erythrocytes (in the first pregnancy ) and make Rh- specific antibodies that pass to the fetal circulation and cause fetal red cells to be destroyed (in second pregnancy)
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9
Q

Passive immunization with anti-Rhesus antigen IgG prevents hemolytic anemia of the newborn.

A
  • the immune complexes of fetal erythrocytes coated with IgG prevent a primary B cell response from being made to the Rh antigen
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10
Q

In the response to influenza virus, immunological memory is gradually eroded.

A
  • highly mutable viruses such as influenza gradually escape from immunological memory without stimulating a compensatory immune response
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11
Q

The procedure in which the adaptive immune system is manipulated in an antigen-specific manner to mimic infection by particular pathogen and stimulate protective immunity against it without causing the disease itself is a…

A
  • vaccination
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12
Q

Edward Jenner created a vaccination with the use of cow pox

A
  • used cow pox to vaccinate others against smallpox
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13
Q

Vaccine is…

A
  • the material used for vaccination

- vaccus in latin means cow

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14
Q

Viral vaccines are made from ____________ viruses or viral ___________

A
  • whole

- components

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15
Q

Vaccines today are composed of preparations of the disease causing virus with the ability to cause diease being weakened or destroyed

A
  • chemical treatment with formalin, physically heating, or irradiation.
  • removes the ability of the virus to replicate
  • killed or inactivated virus vaccines
    Examples:
    Influenza
    Rabies
    Salk Polio
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16
Q

Small pox (variola)

A
  • contagious and sometimes fatal
  • highly contagious disease caused by variola virus, a dsDNA orthopoxvirus of the Poxviridae; virus is slightly larger than the smallest bacterium; replicates in host’s cell’s cytoplasm
  • pink-red macules appear on face and trunk
  • they become papules and fluid filled vesicles
  • vesicles become pustules that break open and emit puss, leaving pitted scars
  • smallpox is one of the most dangerous weapons of bioterrorism
  • vaccines ceased in the US in 1972 after eradication occurred (many people not immune)
17
Q

Vaccination with ____________ virus elicits neutralizing antibodies that react with antigenic determinants shared with __________ virus

A
  • cowpox
  • smallpox
  • the shared antigenic determinants of cowpox also elicit protective T-cell immunity against smallpox
18
Q

Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccines

A
  • live virus that has mutated so that it has a reduced ability to grow in human cells and is no longer pathogenic to humans
  • these vaccines are more potent at eliciting protective immunity than the killed virus vaccine
  • it can still replicate and mimic a real infection although they are not pathogenic
  • most of the viral vaccines currently used to protect human are live-attenuated
    Examples:
    Measles
    Mumps
    Polio
    Yellow fever
19
Q

How are attenuated viruses made?

A
  • selected by growing human viruses in non-human cells
20
Q

Subunit Vaccines

A
  • are made by using surface components of the virus
    Examples:
    Hepatitis B virus vaccine uses hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)
21
Q

Bacterial Vaccines

A
  • are made from whole bacteria, their secreted toxins or capsular polysaccharides
  • many bacteria produce toxin that cause the disease
  • need to stimulate an antibody response against the toxin
  • Diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin are inactivated with formalin to produce a toxoid, which is used in vaccine preparations
  • Toxoids are similar to the toxin but do not cause disease
  • most bacterial vaccines are subunit vaccines
22
Q

Current schedule for recommended childhood immunizations in the US include multiple vaccinations to develop long term memory….

A
  • B cells and T cells
23
Q

Adjuvants nonspecifically enhance the immune response

A
  • they are substances that induce inflammation by antigen independent mech
24
Q

Most effective adjuvant in experimental immunology is Freund’s Complete Adjuvant

A
  • is an emulsion of killed mycobacteria and mineral oil into which antigen are vigorously mixed
  • the mixing caused the antigens to precipitate, which prevents the antigen/adjuvant from being rapidly dispersed and degraded throughout the body
  • provides a persistent and localized stimulation of the immune response
  • the mycobacteria can activate macrophages and dendritic cells
25
Q

Most common adjuvant used and approved for use in human vaccines are…

A

Alum
- they are a form of aluminum hydroxide
MF59
- emulsion of squalene, oil, and water

26
Q

The need for a vaccine and the demands placed on t change with the prevalence of the disease

A
  • some vaccines can mutate and cause disease

- need for vaccine is greater than the risks

27
Q

Resurgence of the disease is an outcome of the concerns of the safety (like seen in whooping cough of the 1970s)

A
  • caused by Bordatella pertussis
  • beginning of 20th century 2000 cases per million children suffered/died from whooping cough
  • in 1940s the DPT vaccine was introduced
28
Q

Herd Immunity

A
  • when a vast majority of the population has immunity against a pathogen due to vaccination or previous infection
  • there will be no epidemics and even the non-vaccinated individual will be protected
  • however if herd immunity is lost, there could be epidemics
29
Q

As fewer children were vaccinated for measles…

A
  • the incident of infections increased
30
Q

Vaccines have not yet been found for….

A
  • many chronic pathogens
31
Q

Genome sequencing of humans open up new avenues of vaccine design

A
  • complete genome of many bacterial and viral pathogens are known by DNA sequencing
  • manipulation of pathogens genes (recombinant DNA techniques) can produce an attenuated pathogen that is good is use as a vaccine (live-attenuated vaccine)
  • the success of vaccines against chronic infections will depend critically on their ability to steer the CD4 T cell responses in way that are helpful
32
Q

The inclusion of cytokines in vaccine might help to drive…

A
  • immunity in the desired direction
33
Q

Vaccine development faces greater __________ scrutiny than drug development

A
  • public
  • vaccine are different than most other drugs
    Other drugs are given to people who are already sick and are grateful for any improvement in their condition; are given on a case by case basis based on the symptoms/disease of the individual
34
Q

Vaccines are administered to ____________ individuals, often very young

A
  • healthy
  • parents might be more concerned about the adverse effect of vaccine than the benefit from the vaccine
  • they are also given to the greater population as mandated by government laws
  • the only situation which a vaccine’s benefit can truly be felt is when exposure is obvious, because other unvaccinated members of the local community are suffering and succumbing in numbers to the disease
35
Q

Production of live-attenuated viral strains by recombinant DNA techniques

A
  • if a viral gene that is necessary for virulence but not for growth or immunogenicity can be identified, this gene can be either mutated or deleted by using recombinant DNA techniques
  • this procedure creates an avirulent (nonpathogenic) virus that can be used as a virulence gene are usually many, so that the virus cannot easily revert to the wild type
36
Q

Effector functions of adaptive immunity begin to work only after…

A
  • 4 days or more
37
Q

In the long term, immunological memory enables the strength of the secondary response to far surpass the primary response

A
  • periodt

Immunology (13 decks)

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