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Immunology > Chapter 1: Elements Of The Immune System And Their Role In Defense > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Elements Of The Immune System And Their Role In Defense Flashcards

1
Q

How do you replenish your microbiota of the gut after a course of antibiotics?

A
  • by eating yogurt
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2
Q

There are about how many pounds of microbes in a symbiotic relationship with you?

A
  • about two pounds (mutualism and/or commensalism)
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3
Q

Antibiotic Treatments can…

A
  • disrupt the natural ecology of the colon and can kill your “good” bacteria
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4
Q

Clostridium difficile in high dosages of antibodies.

A
  • are able to establish themselves when there is no competition in the gut
  • can cause major problems if have the opportunity
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5
Q

A parasitic organism

A
  • is one that lives at expense of its host; any organism that causes disease is a parasite
  • causes a negative impact on the organism
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6
Q

Infection

A
  • the state occurring when a parasite is growing and multiplying on or within a host
  • competing for nutritional resources
  • Examples:
    Viruses
    Bacteria
    Fungi
    Protozoa
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7
Q

Infectious Disease

A
  • a change from a state of health as a result of an infection by a parasitic organism
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8
Q

Pathogen

A
  • are infectious organisms that cause disease
  • Examples
    Virus
    Bacteria
    Parasites
    Etc.
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9
Q

Pathogenicity

A
  • the ability of a parasitic organism to cause a disease
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10
Q

Primary Pathogen

A
  • organism that causes disease in a healthy host by direct interaction
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11
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A
  • organisms that is normally free-living or part of the host’s normal microbiota, but adopts a pathogenic role under certain circumstances (host weakness)
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12
Q

Virulence

A
  • the degree or intensity of pathogenicity of an organism
  • depends on many factors
    What kind of cells they infect?
    If it has a flagellum?
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13
Q

The Final Outcome of most Host-Parasite Relationships is Dependent on 3 things…

A
  1. The Number of pathogenic organisms present
  2. The Virulence factor of the organism
  3. The Host’s Defenses or degree of resistance (Immunity)
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14
Q

Several Events Must Occur for Disease to Develop in the Host:
An Exogenous Infection Occurs….

A
  • if a pathogen breaches the host’s external defense and enters sterile tissue
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15
Q

Several Events Must Occur for Disease to Develop in the Host:
An Endogenous Infection Occurs…

A
  • if normal microbiota enters sterile tissue
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16
Q

Several Events Must Occur for Disease to Develop in the Host:
Opportunistic Infections Occur…

A
  • when commensals take advantage of a charge in the body’s environment that favors the microbe
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17
Q

Several Events Must Occur for Disease to Develop in the Host:
Primary Infections

A
  • occur in otherwise healthy bodies
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18
Q

Several Events Must Occur for Disease to Develop in the Host:
Secondary Infections

A
  • occur in a body weakened by primary infection
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19
Q

Several Events Must Occur for Disease to Develop in the Host:
Local Diseases…

A
  • are restricted to a single area
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20
Q

Several Events Must Occur for Disease to Develop in the Host:
Systemic Diseases…

A
  • disseminate to organs and systems
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21
Q

What are the three different types of surface barriers that prevent bacteria from crossing epithelia and colonizing tissues (weak barriers)? List the 5 different areas they can infect (strong barriers).

A

Weak Barriers

  • mechanical
  • chemical
  • microbiological

Strong Barriers

  • skin
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • respiratory tract
  • urogenital tract
  • eyes
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22
Q

Establishment of Disease

A
  • pathogens enter and leave the host through portals
    1. To cause disease, most pathogens must enter the body through a correct portal of entry. Respiratory droplets, wounds, your general system…
    2. To efficiently spread the disease to other hosts, the disease organism also must leave the body through an appropriate portal of exit. Respiratory droplets, contact to wound site, etc…
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23
Q

Immunity

A
  • ability of a host to resist a particular disease
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24
Q

Immunology

A
  • the science that deals with immune responses
  • two types
    Nonspecific Immune Responses
    Specific Immune Response
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25
Q

Nonspecific Immune Response

A
  • innate or natural immunity
  • general resistance mechanisms inherited as a part of the innate (intrinsic) structure and function of each animal
  • lack of immunological memory
  • the innate immune response causes inflammation at sites of infection to activate specific
  • nonspecific response occurs to same extent with each encounter
  • they are always there, ready to go, from day 0
  • Recognizes common pathogenic features and foreign substances
  • Examples
    Acidity of stomach
    Skin cells
26
Q

Specific Immune Response

A
  • acquired, adaptive, specific immunity
  • the adaptive immune response adds to an ongoing innate immune response
  • activates 4 days later (but sometimes it doesn’t kick in; very slow reacting)
  • resists a particular foreign agent by an immune response to specific antigens (production of antibodies).
  • improves on repeated exposure (remembers for next time)
  • adaptive immunity is better understood than innate immunity
  • comes about as a response to a particular parasite. Acquired immunity involves production of lymphocytes and antibodies specific to the pathogen causing infection
  • generally give rise to long-lived immunological memory and protective immunity
27
Q

Nonspecific and Specific Immune System (combined)

A
  • multiple bridges occur between innate and adaptive immunity
  • a variety of white blood cells function in both systems
  • help each other out
  • innate needs to work first to cause inflammation to allow antigens to start the adaptive immune response to kick out the bug
28
Q

Benefits of having both innate and adaptive immunity.

A
  • in normal individuals, a primary infection is cleared from the body by the combined effects of innate and adaptive immunity.
  • in a person who lacks innate immunity, uncontrolled infection occurs because the adaptive immune response cannot be deployed without the preceding innate response

Characteristics of Innate Immunity

  • rapid response (hours)
  • fixed
  • limited number of specificities
  • constant during response

Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity

  • slow response (days to weeks)
  • variable
  • numerous highly selective specificities
  • improve during response

Both combined are common effector mechanisms for the destruction of pathogens

29
Q

Immune system cells with different functions all derive from…

A
  • your bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
30
Q

What is in your blood besides red blood cells?

A
  • 50% fluid to 50% cells
  • serum
  • plasma
  • leukocytes
31
Q

What is Serum?

A
  • the fluid part of blood, containing mineral, salts, proteins, etc.
  • serum is plasma w/o the clotting factor (anticoagulant)
32
Q

What is Plasma?

A
  • serum that contains clotting agents
33
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A
  • white blood cells (which are produced in the bone marrow)
34
Q

The makeup of White Blood Cells:

Neutrophils

A
  • are phagocytes
  • polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
  • part of innate immune response
  • make up 70% of white blood cells
  • short life span (3 weeks)
  • released from bone marrow when infection takes place
  • once they engulf bacteria, they die and allow the macrophage to engulf them
35
Q

The makeup of White Blood Cells:

Eosinophils

A
  • contain toxic compounds to defend against multicellular parasites
  • make up less than 1% of white blood cells
36
Q

The makeup of White Blood Cells:

Basophils

A
  • are similar to mast cells, acting in allergic reactions

- make up less than 1% of white blood cells

37
Q

The makeup of White Blood Cells:

Monocytes

A
  • are phagocytes that mature into macrophages in tissue

- make up 8% of white blood cells

39
Q

The makeup of White Blood Cells:

Lymphocytes

A
  • move to lymph nodes after maturation
  • Natural Killer (NK)
    Cells destroy virus-infected and abnormal cells
  • B and T lymphocytes
    Are involved in acquired immunity
  • make up 25% of white blood cells
  • most are present in specialized lymphoid tissues
40
Q

The makeup of White Blood Cells:

Dendritic Cells

A
  • found in the skin and other points of pathogen origin
  • involved in acquired immunity
  • they phagocytose microorganisms and kill viruses by secreting interferon; mature dendritic cells migrate to blood stream of lymphatic system where they interact with B cells and natural killer cells and present foreign antigens to T cells.
41
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
42
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • lacks the granules.
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
    (B and T cells)
43
Q

Megakaryocytes

A
  • reside in bone marrow and release tiny non-nucleated, membrane-bound packets of cytoplasm, which circulate in the blood and are known as platelets
44
Q

What is Lymph?

A
  • the clear fluid surrounding tissue cells and filling intercellular spaces
  • lymphatic system maintains and distributes lymphocytes
  • bathes our cells and they collect cell waste
45
Q

Primary Lymphoid (B lymphocytes/B-cells)

A
  • tissues are the thymus and bone marrow

- mature B-cells produce specific antibodies against foreign antigen

46
Q

Secondary Lymphoid (T lymphocytes/T-cells)

A
  • tissues are the spleen and lymph nodes
  • adaptive immunity is initiated in secondary lymphoid tissues
  • the spleen contains cells that monitor and fight infectious microbes (primarily in blood)
  • the spleen provides adaptive immunity to blood infections
  • the lymph nodes contain phagocytes and lymphocytes
  • the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, Peyer’s patches of the small intestine, and appendix are specialized types of lymph nodes
  • leave bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they mature. Origin from lymphoid progenitors
    CD4 T-cells: produce lymphokines (proteins w/ specific activity) that help/suppress activities of other immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, other T/B cells
    CD8 T cells: are cytotoxic cells that kill infected or injured cells
47
Q

The Lymph Node

A
  • after spending some time here, lymphocytes leave the efferent lymph and return to the blood at the left subclavian vein.
  • Afferent Lymphatic Vessel brings in microbes (the pieces) to be countered by B and T cells
  • Efferent Lymphatic Vessels allows the B and T cells to exit
48
Q

The Human Lymphatic System

A
  • Thymus: site of T-cell development
  • Bone Marrow: site of B-cell development
  • Lymph Node: important site of T and B cell interaction with antigens and cells that present antigens
49
Q

SALT

A
  • skin associated lymphoid tissue
  • Langerhans Cells
    Specialized dendritic cells that phagocytose antigens, then migrate to lymph nodes and activate T cells, which interact with activated B cells to induce a humoral response
50
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
  • most secondary lymphoid tissue associated with the gut
  • several types, including gut-associated (GALT) and bronchial-associated (BALT)
  • operates by the action of M cells int he mucous membrane; M cells phagocytose antigen and transport it either to a pocket within the M cells containing B cells and macrophages or to lymphoid follicles containing B cells
51
Q

Antigens

A
  • when Innate Immune fails, Specific Immunity kicks in
  • this is targeting resistance to an antigen (foreign material)
  • stimulate an immune response
  • belong on microbes (cell wall, flagella)
  • prior to birth, the immune system removes most T cells specific for self-recognition determinants, to focus the immune response on antigens
  • antigens are chemical substances capable of mobilizing the immune system and provoking an immune response. They are microbes or microbial parts
  • stimulate T and B cell activation and the synthesis of antibodies to which antigens react (bind) to
  • T cells, B cells, and antibodies produced by B cells, react against antigens. One T cell, B cell, antibody recognizes one kind of antigen
  • need to be big in size 10,000 daltons to produce an immune response
  • exception, if less than 10kd can produce an immune response if they bind to haptens
52
Q

Hapten

A
  • a small organic molecule that is not itself antigenic but may become antigenic when bound to a larger carrier molecule
53
Q

Epitope

A
  • the part of the antigen that stimulate immune system activity is the antigenic determinant (epitope)
  • sites on antigen
  • had specificity
54
Q

Adaptive Immune system must be able to distinguish between resident (self) and foreign (nonself) cells.

A
  • antigen presenting cell must be processed
  • Examples:
    Macrophages
    Dendritic Cells
    B Cells
  • they chop up microbes and present to epitopes in different classes to T cell receptors (MHC Class 1 and MHC Class 2
55
Q

MHC Class 1 and Class 2

A
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of genes that encode three classes of proteins; only class 1 and class 2 are involved in antigen presentation; called human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex in humans
  • each person has two sets of MHC genes that are codominant; more closely related individuals have more closely related MHC genes
  • both classes molecules fold in similar shapes, each having a deep groove into which a short peptide or other antigen fragment can bind
  • the presence of a foreign peptide in this groove alerts the immune system and activates T cells or macrophages
  • cluster of differentiation molecules (CDs)- functional cell surface proteins that are used to differentiate leukocyte subpopulations
56
Q

MHC 1 Complex Creation

A
  • for class 1 molecules, the peptides are produced intracellularly by antigen processing in the proteosome; the peptide class 1 MHC complex is then carried to and incorporated into the plasma membrane; detected by cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)
57
Q

MHC 2 Complex Creation

A
  • for class 2 molecules, endocytosis bring antigens into antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and produces fragments in phagolysosomes; these peptides combine with class 2 MHC and are delivered to cell surface; detected by T-helper cells (CD4 T cells)
58
Q

Immunoglobins and T-cell Receptors

A
  • highly variable recognition molecules of adaptive immunity

- diversity of both receptors is generated by gene rearrangement (AKA Somatic Recombination)

59
Q

Which Cells are important player in adaptive immunity?

A
  • B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
  • arise from stem cells in bone marrow through one group, progenitor cells
  • are both the cornerstones of the immune system. Popo of the immune system
60
Q

Antibody vs. Antigen Receptors

A

Antibody Receptor

  • B-cell receptor in a y shape
  • contains a light chain and a heavy chain

Antigen Receptors

  • T-cell receptor closed y shape
  • contain an alpha chain and beta chain
61
Q

The 4 types of Acquired Immunity

A
  1. Naturally acquired active immunity: develops from exposure to infectious agents. Antibodies produced and lymphocytes activated in response to an infectious agent. Immunity results from contracting the disease and recovering.
  2. Artificial acquired active immunity: established by vaccination. When antibodies and lymphocytes are produced as a result of vaccination.
  3. Naturally acquired passive immunity: comes from acquiring maternal antibodies. The passage of antibodies from mother to fetus. Mother to newborn colostrum confers immunity for a short period.
  4. Artificially acquired passive immunity: produced from injection of antisera. Receiving an antiserum (antibodies) produced in another human or animal confers immunity for a short period of time. Serum sickness develops if the recipient produces antibodies against the antiserum. (Is this a type of allergic reaction? Type 3 hypersensitivity)
62
Q

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

A
  • make up 99% of blood cells
  • are smaller than the white blood cells
  • have no nucleus

Immunology (13 decks)

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