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RAT 2020 PP1 Test 3 > Chapter 11 HW > Flashcards

Chapter 11 HW Flashcards

1
Q

A substance that alters physiologic function, with the potential for affecting health

A

Drug

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2
Q

A drug administered for it therapeutic effects

A

Medication

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3
Q

The science of drugs, including the sources, chemistry and actions of drugs

A

Pharmacology

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4
Q

Constituents of the chemical formula

A

Chemical Name

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5
Q

Coined by the original manufacturer

A

Generic Name

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6
Q

Usually the same as the generic name

A

Official Name

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7
Q

The drug’s name in official publications

A

Brand or Trade Name

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8
Q

Condition or circumstance that indicates a drug should not be used

A

Contraindications

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9
Q

What factors determine the dosage and speed of absorption of drugs?

A

Route of entry, the pH of the recipient environment, the solubility of the formula, and the drug’s interaction with body chemicals while in transit.

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10
Q

The process by which the body alters the chemical composition of a substance

A

Metabolism (biotransformation)

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11
Q

How are drugs excreted

A

Through the kidneys

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12
Q

What are other ways drugs are eliminated from the body

A

Lungs, sweat glands, tear ducts, salivary glands, intestines and mammary glands

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13
Q

What weight are average drug doses based on

A

150lbs

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14
Q

Expected reactions to medication

A

Side Effects

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15
Q

Unexpected reactions to medication

A

Complication

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16
Q

One that develops as a result of another form of medical treatment

A

Iatrogenic disease

Ex: result from long-term use of a drug that damages organs or causes disorders with time

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17
Q

List the six rights of medication

A

Right patient, medication, dose, time, route, documentation

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18
Q

Substances introduced into the body to make an organ, the surface of an organ, or materials within the lumen of an organ visible on imaging

A

Contrast media

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19
Q

List four types of emergencies (and the signs and symptoms of each) that radiation therapist are most likely to encounter

A

a. Asthma attack-tightness or pressure in the chest, mild to moderate shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing
b. Pulmonary edema-abnormal swelling of tissue in the lungs because of fluid buildup with symptoms of rapid, labored breathing; cough; and cyanosis.
c. Anaphylactic shock-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urticarial (hives), shortness of breath, airway obstruction, and vascular shock.
d. Cardiac arrest-when the heart stops beating suddenly and respiration and other body functions stop as a result

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20
Q

List three ways Pharmacologists classify drugs

A

a. According to the effects of the drug on particular receptor sites
b. In terms of the symptoms that the drug relieves
c. Its chemical group

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21
Q

Morphine and codeine (narcotics), Tylenol or aspirin (nonnarcotics)

A

Category of Drug: Analgesics

Purpose: Relieves Pain

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22
Q

Pentothal (depress the entire central nervous system so patient is unconscious); Novocain (acts only on the nerves in a small area); Lidocaine(used to treat inflamed membranes in the mouth and pharynx)

A

Category of Drug: Anesthetics

Purpose: Suppress the sensation of feeling by acting on the central nervous system

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23
Q

Ativan, Valium, Xanax

A

Category of Drug: Antianxiety

Purpose: Mild tranquilizers that help to calm anxious patient and relieve muscle spasms.

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24
Q

Penicillin

A

Category of Drug: Antibiotic

Purpose: Suppress the growth of bacteria

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25
Q

Warfarin(Coumadin) –orally

Heparine-Injection

A

Category of Drug: Anticoagulants

Purpose: Prevents blood from clotting too quickly

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26
Q

Clonazepam(Klonopin) and Dilantin

A

Category of Drug: Anticonvulsants

Purpose: Inhibit or control seizures

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27
Q

Prozac, Paxil, Lexapro, Zoloft

A

Category of Drug: Antidepressant

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28
Q

Lomotil and Imodium

A

Category of Drug: Antidiarrheal

Purpose: Controls gastrointestional distress

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29
Q

Compazine, Phenergan, Zofran

A

Category of Drug: Antiemetic

Purpose: Prevents nausea and vomiting

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30
Q

Nizoral, Diflucan, or Nystatin

A

Category of Drug: Antifungals

Purpose: Treats fungal infections such as yeast or thrush

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31
Q

Catapres, Lopressor, Serpasil

A

Category of Drug: Antihypertensives

Purpose: Lowers blood pressure

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32
Q

Ibuprofen (Motrin), Naproxen

A

Category of Drug: Antiinflammatory

Purpose: Reduce inflammation

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33
Q

Radiolucent, low atomic numbers, easily penetrated by xrays, appear darker on radiographs ex. air and carbon dioxide

A

Negative Contrast

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34
Q

Radiopaque, high atomic numbers, absorbs xrays, appear white on the ragiographs ex. barium sulfate

A

Positive Contrast

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35
Q

What are the two most common negative contrast media

A

Air and Carbon Dioxide

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36
Q

What is the most commonly used contrast agent used for gastrointestional tract examinations

A

Barium Sulfate

Orally and or rectally

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37
Q

high osmolality, a high number of particles in solution, greater contrast, increased toxicity and viscosity

A

Ionic Contrast Material

38
Q

low osmolality, Iodides remain intact instead of splitting. Agitate cells less. No charged ions are introduce into the body. Cost more than ionic agents so often reserved for allergy prone patients

A

Nonionic Contrast Material

39
Q

What is the purpose of getting blood work before administration of contrast?

A

To reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity and assess kidney function.

40
Q

What are normal levels of BUN?

A

7 – 20 mg/ul

41
Q

What are normal levels of Creatinine

A

.6 to 1.4 mg/dl

42
Q

An antihyperglycemic agent given to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Metformin

risks with having IV contrast: Chance of metformin associated lactic acidosis

43
Q

a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body. Can occur with dehydration or bleeding.

A

Hypovolemia

44
Q

Swelling around the injection site accompanied by cool, pale skin and possible hard patches or localized pain

A

Infiltration

45
Q

Hives

A

Urticaria

46
Q

difficulty breathing

A

Dyspnea

47
Q

temporary loss of consciousness

A

Syncope

48
Q

accidental leakage into the surrounding tissues; a discharge or escape (e.g. blood) from a vessel into the tissues.

A

Extravasation

49
Q

the movement of a drug from the site of administration to bloodstream.

A

Asborption

50
Q

the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter.

A

Excretion

51
Q

the transfer of drugs from one location to another in the body

A

Distribution

52
Q

Body’s adaptation to a particular drug and requirement of ever greater doses to achieve the desired effect

A

Tolerance

53
Q

Reaction resulting from an immunologic response to a drug to which the patient has already been sensitized.

A

Allergic reaction

54
Q

List the four drug administration routes most often encountered by patients receiving radiation therapy and describe how administered

A
  • Oral (taken by mouth. Slowly absorbed into bloodstream, less potent but longer lasting than by injection)
  • Mucous membrane (suppository in rectum or vagina, inhalation in a medicated mist, direct application by swabbing, Gargling, Irrigating the target tissue by flushing with sterile or medicated fluid, under the tongue)
  • Topical (Applied directly to the skin, ex. transdermal patch, antiseptics, ointments, lotion, etc.)
  • Parenteral
55
Q

List some reasons a drug cannot be given orally

A

Because gastric secretions inactivate the medications or because the drugs have a bad taste or odor, damage teeth, or cause gastric distress or the patient is unable to take the drug by mouth

56
Q

Suppository form using mucous membranes in the rectum or vagina, Inhalation in a mist, direct application by swabbing, gargling, irrigating the target tissue by flushing with sterile or medicated fluid

A

methods of introducing drugs through the mucous membrane

57
Q

Route of drug administration in which the medication bypasses the gastrointestinal tract

A

Parenteral

58
Q

List the four most common routes of parenteral administration and explain each.

A

a. Intradermal-shallow injection between the layers of the skin
b. Subcutaneous-a 45 or 90 degree injection into the subcutaneous tissue just below the skin
c. A 90 degree injection into the muscle used for larger amounts or a quicker systemic effect
d. An injection directly into the bloodstream that provides an immediate effect

59
Q

Of the four parenteral routes, which route is used most often by therapists

A

IV Routes

60
Q
  1. Most IV contrast media in simulation rooms are administered using a ___________.
A

Power Injector

61
Q

contains a single dose of medicine. The tip is snapped off, and the drug is drawn into a syringe through a filter needle.

A

Ampule

62
Q

has a rubber stopper, and the needle is inserted through the stopper to draw out the medicine. It may contain multiple doses

A

Vial

63
Q

Where is the most common place for sterility to be compromised with an IV drip?

A

In the two ends of the tubing

64
Q

What items should be included on an IV equipment tray

A

? Tourniquet, antiseptic swabs, gloves, a syringe, a needle, cotton balls, the correct drug, and adhesive bandages. (also, catheters, tubing, drip bottles, poles, and monitors if needed)

65
Q

Where on the patient is the preferred venous access site for power injectors?

A

Large forearm vein

66
Q

List four things that can affect the delivery rate of an IV injection

A

Kink in the tubing, a clot in the needle or catheter, the needle tip pressing against the vein wall, or a problem at the site of entry

67
Q

List two things that determine the site chosen for venipuncture

A

the drug being used and the lenth of time that the IV line will be in place

68
Q

What site would most likely be used for drawing blood or for injecting a single dose

A

Large antecubital vein in the arm

69
Q

What sites are most likely to be used for long term use

A

Lower cephalic, accessory cephalic, and basilica veins (above anterior wrist) or basilica, metacarpal, and cephalic veins (posterior hand)

70
Q

List some contraindications of using a specific venipuncture site

A

Scar tissue or hematoma, infection, skin lesions, burns, collapsed veins, or veins too small for the chosen gauge of needle

71
Q

Injection of agents into tissues surrounding the vein instead of into the vein.

A

extravasation

72
Q

Inflammation of the walls of the veins

A

phlebitis

Can be prevented by using a smaller needle so blood can flow thru it

73
Q

How often should the infusion set be changed in IV therapy

A

Every 24-48 hours

74
Q

List some things (taken from this chapter) that therapists are not legally allowed to do that are the physician’s responsibility.

A

Therapists cannot legally: diagnose, interpret images, reveal test results, prescribe drugs, admit or discharge patients, or order tests

75
Q

What are the two most common complaints that lead to malpractice suites in radiology and oncology

A

False negative or False positive diagnoses, and misadministration of contrast media

76
Q

List 7 items that must be included in the patient’s medical chart

A

a. Patient identification and demographic information
b. Medical history, including family history, allergies and previous illnesses
c. Nature of the current complaint and a report of examinations and treatments
d. Orders for and results of any test or procedures
e. Record of medications
f. Physician’s notes, instructions, and conclusions
g. Informed consent form

77
Q

List some things that may be included on an informed consent form

A

a. Name of authorized physician
b. Description of the procedure and associated medications
c. An assurance that the purpose, benefit, risk, and any alternative options have been imparted and understood
d. An areas where patients can write in their words what the procedure entails
e. A disclaimer (which does not always hold up in court) releasing the caregiver and facility from liability if complications develop or the treatment fails

78
Q

Chemo Drugs

A

Category of Drugs: Antineoplastic

Purpose: Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer cells throughout the body

79
Q

Ionic or nonionic

A

Category of Drugs: Contrast Material

Purpose: Enhance the visibility of internal tissues for diagnostic imaging

80
Q

Dexamethasone (Decadron-often given to patients being treated to the brain)

A

Category of Drugs: Corticosteroids

Purpose: Reduce inflammation

81
Q

Diuril or Lasix

A

Category of Drugs: Diuretics

Purpose: Removes fluid from cells

82
Q

Metformin

A

Category of Drugs: Hypoglycemics

Purpose: Treats low blood sugar

83
Q

Estrogen (Premarin)

A

Category of Drugs: Hormones

Purpose: Used to augment endocrine secretion.

84
Q

Codeine, meperidine, oxycodone, methadone, and morphine

A

Category of Drugs: Narcotics

Purpose: Federally controlled substances that relax the central nervous system and relieves pain.

85
Q

Narcan and naltrexone

A

Category of Drugs: Narcotic antagonists

Purpose: Used to counter the effects of narcotic drugs.

86
Q

Imaging: Technetium 99m and Iodine-131 Therapeutic: Palladium 103, Iodine-125, Iridium-192, Strontium-89

A

Category of Drugs: Radio isotope

Purpose: Used in nuclear medicine as diagnostic imaging agents

87
Q

Barbiturates such as Seconal Nembuta (addictive)l. Nonbarbiturate such as lorazepam diphenhydramine and midazolam.

Chloral hydrate (to sedate children)

A

Category of Drugs: Sedatives

Purpose: Calm anxious patients and relax the central nervous system.

88
Q

Diazepam (valium)

A

Category of Drugs: Skeletal muscle relaxants

Purpose: Drugs that relax skeletal muscle

89
Q

Hydrocortisone 1%, Aquaphor, Eucerin

A

Category of Drugs: Skin Agents

Purpose: Keeps the skin soft and supple while reducing pain and itching caused by erythema.

90
Q

Adderall and Ritalin stimulate the CNS. Dopamine and to stimulate heart and treat hypotension and shock.

A

Category of Drugs: Stimulants

Purpose: Increases activity such as the central nervous system, heart

91
Q

Chlordiazeposide and diazepam

A

Category of Drugs: Tranquilizers

Purpose: Relieves anxiety

92
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Category of Drugs: Vasodilators

Purpose: Makes the blood vessels dilate.

RAT 2020 PP1 Test 3 (4 decks)

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