Chapter 11 How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement? Flashcards
An example of a brain–computer interface (BCI) would be:
A) using only your thoughts to control a computer keyboard.
B) having electrical signals from an electronic device influence brain function.
C) having your thoughts relayed to someone else’s brain via a computer.
D) None of the answers is correct.
A) using only your thoughts to control a computer keyboard.
The \_\_\_\_\_\_ controls the force of a movement, whereas the \_\_\_\_\_\_ controls the timing and accuracy of the movement. A) motor cortex; basal ganglia B) basal ganglia; motor cortex C) basal ganglia; cerebellum D) cerebellum; basal ganglia
C) basal ganglia; cerebellum
Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements? A) frontal lobe B) hippocampus C) basal ganglia D) cerebellum
A) frontal lobe
The ventral side of the spinal cord ______, whereas the dorsal portion ______.
A) relays motor signals; relays sensory signals
B) relays sensory signals; relays motor signals
C) controls reflexive movements; controls intentional movements
D) controls balance; controls walking
A) relays motor signals; relays sensory signals
The arms are controlled by motor neurons in \_\_\_\_\_\_ levels of the spinal cord, whereas the legs are controlled by motor neurons in \_\_\_\_\_\_ levels of the spinal cord. A) cervical; thoracic B) lumbar; sacral C) cervical; lumbar D) thoracic; lumbar
C) cervical; lumbar
Signals from motor cortex to the spinal cord are transmitted via cortical layer(s): A) 1 to 3 B) 2 to 4 C) 4 D) 5 to 6
D) 5 to 6
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for: A) planning movements. B) organizing movement sequences. C) producing specific movements. D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.
A) planning movements.
The premotor cortex is responsible for: A) planning movements. B) producing specific movements. C) producing movement sequences. D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.
C) producing movement sequences
The primary motor cortex is responsible for: A) planning movements. B) organizing movement sequences. C) producing specific movements. D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.
C) producing specific movements
In a person performing a sequence of finger movements, cerebral blood flow increases in the: A) primary motor cortex. B) temporal cortex. C) premotor cortex. D) cingulate cortex.
C) premotor cortex
The decision to set your alarm an hour early so as not to be late for your exam would be made in the: A) prefrontal cortex. B) primary motor cortex. C) premotor cortex. D) basal ganglia.
C) premotor cortex
Coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the: A) primary motor cortex. B) premotor cortex. C) prefrontal cortex. D) cerebellum.
B) premotor cortex
Neurons that fire when we execute a movement and when we observe another person making the same movement are referred to as: A) visuomotor neurons. B) bimodal neurons. C) mirror neurons. D) multisensory neurons.
C) mirror neurons
Mirror neurons are found in the: A) premotor cortex. B) parietal cortex. C) cerebellum. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct
Walter Hess’s experiments reveal that one of the functions of the brainstem is to:
A) regulate blood osmolarity.
B) regulate breathing and heart rates.
C) produce species-typical behavior.
D) produce behavior common across all species.
C) produce species-typical behavior
Locked-in syndrome can occur following damage to the: A) prefrontal cortex. B) brainstem. C) cerebellum. D) primary motor cortex.
B) brainstem
Damage to the brainstem can result in: A) locked-in syndrome. B) cerebral palsy. C) both locked-in syndrome and cerebral palsy. D) tardive dyskinesia.
C) both locked-in syndrome and cerebral palsy
Damage to level C1–C2 of the spinal cord would likely result in: A) paraplegia. B) quadriplegia. C) hemiplegia. D) numbness in the legs.
B) quadriplegia
Injury to level L1–L2 of the spinal cord would likely result in: A) paraplegia. B) quadriplegia. C) hemiplegia. D) numbness in the legs. Ans: C
C) hemiplegia
The spinal cord functions in: A) conveying sensory and motor information between the brain and body. B) reflexive behaviors. C) walking. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct
The first direct evidence that the cortex controls movement was provided by: A) Wilder Penfield. B) Paul Broca. C) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig. D) John Hughlings-Jackson.
C) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
Wilder Penfield identified a motor homunculus in the:
A) primary motor cortex.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) premotor cortex.
D) primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
D) primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex
A homunculus is:
A) a representation of the body in motor cortex.
B) a representation of the body in sensory cortex.
C) a representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex.
D) a strange tiny person with large hands.
C) a representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex
On the motor homunculus:
A) all muscles are given equal representation.
B) an inverse relation exists between space allocated on the homunculus and motor control.
C) areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.
D) no clear relation exists between movement precision and the amount of area allocated on the
motor cortex.
C) areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation
The person most credited with mapping the human motor cortex was: A) Gustave Fritsch. B) Eduard Hitzig. C) Roberts Bartholow. D) Wilder Penfield.
D) Wilder Penfield
Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation in the motor homunculus? A) feet, hands, lips B) hands, feet, lips C) hands, lips, feet D) lips, feet, hands
C) hands, lips, feet
Early research on the motor cortex suggested that it ______; however, more recent work suggests that the motor cortex may actually ______.
A) controlled individual muscle movements; store a repertoire of movement categories
B) stored a repertoire of movement categories; control individual muscle movements
C) controlled only reflexive movements; control both reflexive and voluntary movement
D) control only learned movements; control both learned and innate movements
A) controlled individual muscle movements; store a repertoire of movement categories
The sensory and motor cortices are:
A) stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after birth.
B) stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after puberty.
C) changed only in response to damage.
D) continuously modified with learning and experience.
D) continuously modified with learning and experience
Neurons in the primary motor cortex:
A) start to discharge just prior to a movement.
B) discharge during a movement.
C) increase their rate of firing if a weight is added to the movement apparatus.
D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct
Motor cortex is activated when a person: A) plans a movement. B) imagines making a movement. C) executes a movement. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct
The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord is the: A) rubrospinal tract. B) tectospinal tract. C) corticospinal tract. D) pontospinal tract.
C) corticospinal tract
The ______ controls limbs and digits, whereas the ______ controls mainly trunk muscles.
A) lateral corticospinal tract; ventral corticospinal tract
B) ventral corticospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract
C) rubrospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract
D) lateral corticospinal tract; tectospinal tract
A) lateral corticospinal tract; ventral corticospinal tract
Neurons from the corticospinal tract synapse with: A) motor neurons. B) interneurons. C) sensory neurons. D) both motor neurons and interneurons.
D) both motor neurons and interneurons
In the spinal cord, laterally located motor neurons project to the \_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas more medially located motor neurons project to the \_\_\_\_\_\_. A) trunk; limbs and digits B) limbs; trunk and feet C) arms; legs D) limbs and digits; trunk and shoulders
D) limbs and digits; trunk and shoulders
The limb regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons that move the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the ______, and the trunk regions of the motor homunculus are mainly involved in activating motor neurons that move the trunk primarily on the ______.
A) same side of the body; opposite side of the body
B) opposite side of the body; same side of the body
C) same side of the body; same side of the body
D) opposite side of the body; opposite side of the body
B) opposite side of the body; same side of the body
Neurons in the ventral corticospinal tract in the left hemisphere control \_\_\_\_\_\_ muscles on \_\_\_\_\_\_ of the body A) limb; the right side B) trunk; the right side C) trunk; both sides D) limb; both sides
C) trunk; both sides
What constitutes the “final common path”? A) sensory neurons B) muscles C) motor neurons D) the corticospinal tract
C) motor neurons
\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscles move the limb away from the trunk, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk. A) Extensor; flexor B) Flexor; extensor C) Dorsal; ventral D) Medial; lateral
A) Extensor; flexor
In all animals, a large proportion of the motor cortex is represented by:
A) the tongue and paws or hands.
B) the arms, legs, and other large muscle groups.
C) no single area. There is equal representation of all muscles.
D) muscles over which an animal has skilled and intricate control.
D) muscles over which an animal has skilled and intricate control
Which of the following is not a part of the basal ganglia? A) flocculus B) amygdala C) caudate D) putamen
A) flocculus