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Biology Exam 3 > Chapter 11: How Cells Reproduce > Flashcards

Chapter 11: How Cells Reproduce Flashcards

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1
Q

The __________ _____ ______ is a series of events from the time a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides

A

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

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2
Q

KNOW THIS!!!!!

One Eukaryotic Cell Cycle consists of 3 phases:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
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3
Q

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A typical cell spends most of its life in ________.

A

Interphase

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4
Q

KNOW THIS!!!!!!

The interval between mitotic divisions when a cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA in preparation for division

A

Interphase

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5
Q

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What are the three stages of interphase?

SEE SLIDE 2 AND 9 FOR ILLUSTRATION

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
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6
Q

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Stage of interphase in which the cell grows and carries out metabolic activities

A

G1

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7
Q

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Stage of interphase in which DNA synthesis (replication) occurs in preparation for cell division

A

S

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8
Q

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Stage of interphase in which the cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division and replicates organelles

A

G2

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9
Q

_________ is the process of nuclear division that maintains chromosome number

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

Mitosis is the basis of:

  • ___________ processes
    (e. g., increases in body size and tissue remodeling)
  • ___________ of damaged or dead cells
  • Eukaryotic _______ __________ where offspring are produced by one parent
    (e. g., some plants, animals, fungi, and protists reproduce this way)
A
  • Developmental
  • Replacement
  • asexual reproduction
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11
Q

Human body cells are _______, meaning we have pairs of chromosomes.

Altogether, humans have ___ chromosomes and ___pairs of chromosomes.

The chromosomes of each pair are ____________, meaning they have the same length, shape, and genes.
(Sex chromosomes in males [XY] are an exception)

A
  • Diploid
  • 46; 23
  • Homologous
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12
Q

When a cell divides by mitosis, it produces ____ descendant cells. Each of these descendant cells have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent.

A

two

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13
Q 
During \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (also known as Cytoplasmic division) , the cytoplasm divides and the new nuclei produced by mitosis are packaged into separate cells. 
Each cell has a full complement of unduplicated chromosomes, (\_\_ total or \_\_ homologous pairs) and each starts the cell cycle over again at \_\_\_ interphase.

SEE SLIDE 7 FOR ILLUSTRATION

A
  • Cytokinesis
  • 46; 23
  • G1
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14
Q

Mechanisms of gene expression control are called

_________ ______.

A

Checkpoint genes

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15
Q

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What 3 things do Checkpoint Genes monitor?

A
  • The completion of DNA replication
  • DNA Damage
  • Nutrient Availability
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16
Q

___________- Before mitosis begins, chromosomes are loosened to allow transcription and DNA replication

A

Interphase

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17
Q

___________- Chromosomes condense and attach to a newly forming spindle. (Microtubules assemble and lengthen, which form the spindle.)

A

Prophase

18
Q

___________- Chromosomes align midway between poles of the spindle

A

Metaphase

19
Q

___________- Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles

A

Anaphase

20
Q

___________- Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and decondense, and two new nuclei form.

A

Telophase

21
Q

__________- A region of dense cytoplasm with two centrioles that are duplicated just before prophase during G2 of Interphase. This is what the microtubules extend from which in turn forms the spindle.

A

Centrosome

22
Q

___________- dynamically assembled and disassembled network of microtubules that moves chromosomes during nuclear division

A

Spindle

23
Q

During the process of Animal Cell cytoplasmic division, ___________ _____ drag the plasma membrane inward when the cell is in the process of division.

A

Contractile Rings

24
Q

During the process of Animal Cell cytoplasmic division, ___________ _____ forms as an indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur.

A

Cleavage Furrow

25
Q

___________ are non-coding repeat DNA sequences (Repeated thousands of times) found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Their sequences provide a buffer against the loss of more valuable internal DNA.

A

Telomeres

26
Q

Most body cells can only ______ a certain number of times before the the telomeres become too short and cell death occurs.

A

divide

27
Q

_____ _____ contain telomerase enzymes.

A

Stem Cells

28
Q

__________ reverses telomere shortening that normally occurs after DNA replication

A

Telomerase

29
Q

The cell-cycle has built in checkpoints that allow problems to be corrected before the cycle advances. If the problem remains uncorrected, ___________ ____ products cause the cell to self-destruct.

A

Checkpoint Gene

30
Q

Checkpoint genes that promote mitosis are called ___________.

A

Proto-oncogenes

31
Q

Sometimes checkpoint genes mutate and turn into __________ , which produce protein products that no longer work properly. (e.g., proteins can lose function or gene expression could fail entirely)

A

Oncogenes

32
Q

Once a tumor-causing mutation has occurred, the mutated _____-_________ is called an oncogene.

A

Proto-oncogene

33
Q

A(n) _________ is any gene that transforms a normal cell into a tumor cell.

A

Oncogene

34
Q

When checkpoints fail, a cell ______ ________ over its cycle, and repeated divisions occur.

A

loses control

35
Q

Cells that have lost checkpoint control form a _________ (an accumulation of abnormally dividing cells

A

neoplasm

36
Q

Mutations that alter checkpoint genes are associated with an increased risk of _____ formation. A _____ is defined as a neoplasm that forms a lump.

A
  • tumor

- tumor

37
Q

_____ _________ are NOT dangerous, they grow slowly and stay in their home tissue
(e.g., ordinary skin moles, warts)

A

Benign Neoplasms

38
Q

________ __________ get progressively worse and are dangerous to health

A

Malignant Neoplasms

39
Q

_________ is the process in which malignant cells spread from one part of the body to another

A

Metastasis

40
Q

_______ occurs when a Malignant Neoplasm physically and metabolically disrupts body tissues.

A

Cancer

Biology Exam 3 (2 decks)

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