Chapter 11 - Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards
_____ is the maintenance of stable internal environment by the body.
Homeostasis
_______ is the reclamation of useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids, ions) from filtrate back into the blood during the process of blood purification in the kidney.
reabsorption
______ in the kidneys filter the blood
Glomerulus
______ is the movement of substances from blood to filtrate.
secretion
T or F: The kidneys can filter 150L of blood plasma a day.
True
______ relates to calcium in the blood. _______ refers to potassium in the blood.
Calcemia; kalemia
______ is when the blood pH is below 7.35. _____ is hen the pH is above 7.45.
Acidosis;alkalosis
The _____ assist in regulating the acid-base balance by filtering out _____ and excess ____, returning needed substances. They regulate the ____ of blood and _____ makeup of the blood by achieving proper, fluid, _______ and acid-base balance. (p.256 Roy)
Kidneys waste ions volume chemical electrolyte
Filtering of blood and the formation of urine is carried out by three processes: ______, ______, and______.
filtration - takes place in glomeruli
reabsorption
secretion (reabsorption in reverse)
The four roles of the kidneys are ____ excretion, maintaining _____ , _____ ad _____-_____ balance.
waste
water, electrolyte and acid-base
What hormone influences the process of sodium balance by enhancing sodium reabsorption by the kidneys?
Aldosterone p.257
When evaluating kidney function consider the following:
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) range ____ - 20 mg/dL
Cr (creatinine) range 0.5 - ____ mg/dL
CO2 (serum carbon dioxide) 25 - ____ mEq/L
eGFR (est. glomerular filtration rate)
Male - 107-139 ml/min
Female 87- ____ ml/min
BUN 10-20 Cr 0.5-1.2 CO2 25-30 eGFR Femle 87-107
Fluid may be intracellular, extracellular, interstitial, or transcellular. What is an example of transcellular?
Cerebral fluid
Fluids within arteries, veins, and capillaries are called ________ fluids
intravascular
_______ are substances such as salts that break down into ions when in solution.
electrolytes
T or F: The major elements forming salts within the body fluids are sodium, potassium and calcium
True
______ balances fluid levels by controlling extracellular fluid volume and water distribution in the body and assists in neuromuscular function.
Sodium (Na)
Normal values: 135-145 mEq/L
_______ is a main component f cellular fluid, this positive electrolyte help to regulate neuromuscular function. Even the slightest alteration in its levels can effect cardiac muscle and cognitive function.
Potassium (K)
Normal values: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
_____ is required in the extracellular fluid for normal clotting of blood, cell membrane permeability and secretory functions. Also effects neuromuscular performance
Calcium (Ca)
Normal values: 9.0-10.5 mEq/L
______ is a constituent of many coenzymes that contribute to normal muscle and nerve irritability. It influences muscle contractions and intracellular activity.
Magnesium
Normal values: 1.5-2.1 mEq/L
______ helps maintain osmotic pressure in the blood. Hint: Sodium ______
Chloride
Normal values: 98-106 mEq/L
______ is a negative electrolyte that impacts metabolism and regulates acid-balance base and calcium levels
HPO4 - Phosphate
emia refers to?
substance in blood
Natremia relates to?
sodium (Na) in the blood
Hyoponatremia inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone and allows ____water to be excreted. Hypernatremia stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone and results in ______ water in the urine.
more (not enough salt, more water out to bring water to sodium ratio in balance)
less (too much sodium, must retain water to keep water/salt in balance)
If more hydrogen ions means more acidic. What happens when someone hyperventilates (releases rapid CO2)?
Alkalosis. Releasing hydrogen ions means higher pH, alkaline.
Increased thirst can indicate excessive amounts of ______ or potassium in the body.
Sodium
In assessing fluid/electrolyte and acid-base balance, is diarrhea a concern?
Yes! Diarrhea leads to dehydration. Dehydration leads to imbalance.
If a patient reports fatigue, drowsiness, restlessness and seems irritable, could this be related to an F&E A-B imbalance?
Yes. Ineffective adaptation related to electroytes could be a stimuli.
In ways can we use skin to check for F& or A-B imbalance?
Temperature, turgor, edema, pinch skin and it tents
What are some important labs we should perform when F&E A-B imbalance is suspected?
Hemoconcentration: HGB (hemoglobin) & HCT (hematocrit)
Once we determine that there is an imbalance (system is compromised), what is the next step in the nursing process?
assess stimuli. What is causing the imbalance?
One the stimuli influencing the imbalance is identified, what is the next step?
Label stimuli as focal, contextual or residual.
Is vomiting and/or diarrhea a stimulus or a behavior?
It depends. If they are the cause of imbalance, they are a stimuli. If they are caused by the imbalance, they are a behavior
What are some examples of nursing diagnosis for F&E A-B imbalance?
Dehydration Fluid overload ELectrolyte imbalance Altered tissue perfusion Self care knowledge of deficit regarding maintenance o FE balance
______ is when a person has trouble breathing while lying down.
Ortopnea
