Chapter 11 Childhood & Neurodevelopment Disorders

Question 1

What percentage of young people are not getting treatment of mental health problems?

Answer 1

2/3

Question 2

What are risk factors for childhood mental health diagnoses?

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Answer 2

Biological / Neurobiological Factors

Environmental Factors
* Neglect & abuse
* Witnessing violence
* Bullying

Psychosological / Cognitive Factors
* Temperment
* Resiliance

Keep Cultural conisderations in mind: does the child’s culture or religion recognize mental health diagnoses?

Question 3

What is the most prevalent cause of child abuse?

a.) Physical abuse
b.) Sexual abuse
c.) Verbal abuse
d.) Neglect

Answer 3

d.) Neglect

Question 4

List different types of interventions for children & adolescents?

Answer 4

• Psychological therapies(CBT)
• Biological Treatments (pharmacoptherpy)
• Behavioral interventions
• Play therapy
• Expressive arts therapy
• Journaling
• Music therapy
• Family interventions
• Bibliotherapy: using literature to help the child express feelings in a supportive environment, gain insight into feelings & behavior, & learn new ways to cope
• Disruptive behavior management: techniques that can be used to manage disruptive behaviors

Question 5

What is a receptive language disorder?

Answer 5

A child who has trouble understanding words they hear or read

Question 6

What is an expressive language disorder?

Answer 6

A child has trouble speaking with others or expressing thoughts & feelings

Question 7

What is the difference in receptive & expressive language disorders?

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Answer 7

Receptive language disorders are when a child has difficulty understandings words they see (read) or hear

Expressive language disorders are when a child has difficulty speaking with others & expressing their thoughts and feelings

Question 8

What is the difference in persistent & provisional tic disorders (motor or vocal)?

Answer 8

Persistent tic disorders occur for more than 1 year while Provisional tic disorders occur for less than 1 year

Question 9

What are Autism Spectrum Disorders?

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Answer 9

Persistent deficits in social communication & social interaction across multiple contexts

• Social
• Nonverbal communication
• Developing, maintaining, & understanding relationships
• Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Question 10

What characteristics must be seen / noted for someone to have an Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis?

Answer 10

• Symptoms present in early developmental period (typically 12 - 24 / 36 months of age - change in or reduction in milestones they had previously met)
• Symptoms limit & impair everyday functioning
• Not better explained by an intellectual disability

Question 11

What types of pharmacotherapy is used in the treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders?

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Answer 11

Medications are used to treat the symptoms

• aggitation
• anxiety
• depression

Question 12

What forms of psychotherapy are used for patients who have Autism Spectrum Disorder?

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Answer 12

• Applied Behavior Therapy (ABA): encourages positive behavior & discourages negative behavior
• Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI): improves language & cognitive skills
• Early Start Denver Model (ESDM): encourages meeting milestones & forming social relationships

Question 13

What is ADHD?

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Answer 13

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Inapprorpiate degree of:
* Inattention
* Impulsiveness
* Hyperactivity

Question 14

Nursing Process / How is ADHD Managed?

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Answer 14

• Individual, group, & family therapy
• Management of disruptive behaviors
• Redirection
• Clarification as intervention: break down a problem situation that the child experiences which can help the child understand the situation, the roles of others, and their own motivation for the bhavior
• Restructuring: changin an activity in a way to decrease stimulation or frustration

Question 15

What are treatment modalities for ADHD?

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Answer 15

Pharmacotherapy: medications to increase attention & task-directed behaviors & reduce impulsitivity

Psychological Therapies
* CBT
* Routine / structuring
* Training parents in behavior therapy

Question 16

What are the goals of ADHD Treatment?

Answer 16

• Less impulsitivity
• Improved social interactions
• Increased academic performance

Question 17

Victor was diagnosed with ADHD after being assessed at school & at home. To begin with, a psychiatric mental health nurse works with Victor to help him change his pattern of misconduct, working with Victor’s father as well to help him develop internal controls & to help them both improve coping & support.

Victor expresses delight over a few CBT games aimed at developing problem-solving skills & conflict resolution. Use of medications are discussed as a possibility.

Which statement demonstrates that Victor’s dad understands the diagnosis of ADHD?

a.) “Victor will never be able to graduate or go to college, but may be able to learn a vocational skill”
b.) “Victor’s performance will improve in a structured setting that provides rewards for appropriate behavior”
c.) “Nothing is wrong with Victor. The school hasn’t provided qualified teachers & classroom settings”
d.) “Victor is just going through a stage. This problem will go away with time”

Answer 17

b.) “Victor’s performance will improve in a structured setting that provides rewards for appropriate behavior”

Question 18

Which child would be most difficult to diagnose with a neurodevelopmental disorder?

a.) 3 year old
b.) 5 year old
c.) 8 year old
d.) 12 year old

Answer 18

a.) 3 year old

Younger children are more difficult to diagnose because of their limited language skills & cognitive & emotional devleopment

Question 19

A 4 year old frequently lashes out in anger at adults & other children. This child’s style of behavior is an aspect of…

a.) Neurobiology
b.) Temperment
c.) Resilience
d.) Culture

Answer 19

b.) Temperment

Question 20

A patient is scheduled for DBS. Which of these disorders is most likely to improve from such treatment, if all else has failed?

a.) Tic disorder
b.) Autism spectrum disorder
c.) Social communication disorder
d.) Developmental coordination disorder

Answer 20

A.) Tic disorder

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is used when more conservative treatments for tic disorders fail.

A fine wire is threaded into affected areas of the brain & connected to a small device implanted under the collarbone that delivers electrical impulses. Users of DBS can turn the device on to control tics or shut it off when they go to sleep.