Chapter 11- Blood and Disease Flashcards
Define the term pathogen
Disease causing agents
Provide 4 examples of living pathogens, and 2 examples of non-cellular pathogens? Which can be treated with antibiotics?
Parasites, protozoa, fungi, prokaryote LIVING
Virus, prion NON-CELLULAR
ONLY LIVING CAN BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS
provide examples of diseases caused by all 6 types of pathogens
Parasites- tapeworm
Protozoa- malaria
Fungi- yeast infection
Prokaryote- leprosy
Virus- AIDS
Prion- CJD (rapidly worsening brain disease)
What does an antibiotic target in bacterium? Why are antifungal medications harder to de-velopment and typically take longer to act than antibiotics?
They target cellular components only in prokaryotes (the cell wall and capsule). Antifungals are harder to develop and take longer to treat because most fungal infections are multi-cellular, so the drug must be able to kill multiple types of cells at once. All of those cells are also growing resistance to the drug just like any other bacterial infection, so it’s harder to come up with new treatments to each multi-layered resistance.
If you let your blood settle in a test tube – describe the look and composition of the 3 layers you would observe.
From top to bottom-
plasma: clear yellow full of proteins hormones and water
buffy coat: thin lighter color layer of white blood cells
red blood cells: dark red, carry’s oxygen
What is the general function of a white blood cell?
to protect against disease and infection
Name and describe the function and relative abundance of the five major groups of white blood cells. Which of these cells are granulocytes? Which are agranulocytes?
GRANULOCUTES:
Eosinophil- attack large parasites and allergies
Neutrophil (common)- dead cells, first
Basophil- secrete heparin and histamine (inflammation)
ARGANULOCYTES:
Lymphocyte- immune system memory, produces anti-bodies
Monocyte (LARGE)- bacteria, delayed
NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS
What is an antigen? What is an antibody? What is the general form of an antibody?
Antigen is any substance that is recognized as foreign. Antibody protein produced by cells in re-sponse to an antigen. It recognizes and binds to the antigen to inactivate it
Not including activation of the complement system, when an antibody/antigen complex forms what is the effect on the bacteria/virus? How does the formation of an anti-body/antigen complex affect the rate of phagocytosis?
it neutralizes it, blocking the viral binding sites. It combines microbes. Also sheds dissolved antigens. This all enhances phagocytosis (the ingestion of bacteria).
Be able to describe the function and location of the main elements of the lymphatic system: (lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes).
Lymph- colorless watery fluid used as a medium to transport immune cells, pathogens, and cellular debris.
Lymph vessels- network of thin-walled one-way vessels that transport lymph throughout the body.
Lymph nodes- small bean shaped scattered in the lymphatic vessels. They serve as filtering stations for lymph. They trap pathogens, antigens, and cancer cells that enter the lymphatic system.
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate is fast and general treatment, first line of defense that is nonspecific
Adaptive is slower and more intense and specific- has a memory from past exposure
Provide examples of mechanical barriers and chemical barriers
Mechanical- skin/mucous membrane
Chemical- tears, sweat
Which cells are involved in the adaptive (specific) immune response?
B and T cells
Explain how fever, inflammation, and phagocytes are involved in your innate (nonspecific) immune response.
Inflammation: blood vessel dilation and increased heat
Fever: short duration, makes body inhospitable to certain pathogens
What happens after a B cell is activated? T cell?
B cells- makes antibodies
T cells- direct attack
