Chapter 11 Blood

Question 1

Type A

Answer 1

A antigen
anti-B antibodies
40% white, 27% black, 31% asian

Question 2

Type B

Answer 2

B antigen
anti-A antibodies
11% white, 20% black, 26% asian

Question 3

Type AB

Answer 3

both A and B antigens
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
4% white, 4% black, 8% asian

Question 4

Type O

Answer 4

neither A nor B antigens
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
45% white, 49% black, 35% asian

Question 5

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Answer 5

4. 5 - 6.0
   decrease: anemia
   increase: polycythemia

Question 6

Hemoglobin

Answer 6

12-18 grams

decrease: iron deficiency, other anemias
increase: polycythemia

Question 7

Hematocrit

Answer 7

38-48%
way to measure amount of RBCs
decrease: anemia
increase: polycythemia, heavy smoking

Question 8

Reticulocytes

Answer 8

0-1.5%
immature RBCs
decrease: RBM suppression
increase: insufficiency of mature RBCs

Question 9

White blood cells (total)

Answer 9

5,000-10,000

decrease: leukopenia
increase: leukocytosis

Question 10

Neutrophils

Answer 10

55-70%
phagocytize pathogens
decrease: radiation, chemo for cancer
increase: infection, inflammation

Question 11

Eosinophils

Answer 11

1-3%
phagocytize foreign antibodies, detoxify foreign proteins during allergic reactions/parasitic infections
decrease: corticosteroid excess
increase: allergies, parasitic infections

Question 12

Basophils

Answer 12

0.5-1%
contains anticoagulant heparin to prevent abnormal clotting & histamine
decrease: cancer
increase: allergies

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

20-35%
destroy foreign antibodies & cells, produce antibodies, provide immunity
decrease: HIV/AIDS, severe burns, cancer, radiation
increase: many viral diseases

Question 14

Monocytes

Answer 14

3-8%
phagocytize pathogens & dead or damaged tissue
decrease: corticosteroid excess
increase: many viral diseases, chronic inflammation

Question 15

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 15

150,000-300,000
prevent blood loss
decrease: thrombocytopenia that may be idiopathic or accompany aplastic anemia
increase: not considered a clinical condition, but may follow removal of the spleen

Question 16

Stage 1 of clotting

Answer 16

Needed: Platelet factors; chemicals from damaged tissue (tissue thromboplastin); Factors 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; calcium ions
Platelet factors + tissue thromboplastin + other clotting factors + calcium ions form prothrombin activator (prothrombinase)

Question 17

Stage 2 of clotting

Answer 17

Needed: Prothrombin activator from stage 1; prothrombin; calcium ions
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin

Question 18

Stage 3 of clotting

Answer 18

Needed: Thrombin from stage 2; fibrinogen; calcium ions; factor 13 (fibrin stabilizing factor)
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 19

Amount of blood

Answer 19

4-6 L
38-48% blood cells
52-62% plasma

Question 20

Color of blood

Answer 20

Arterial blood is bright red

Venous blood is darker, dull red color

Question 21

pH of blood

Answer 21

7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline

venous blood has slightly lower pH than arterial

Question 22

Viscosity of blood

Answer 22

3-5x thicker than water