Chapter 11 Blood Flashcards
Type A
A antigen
anti-B antibodies
40% white, 27% black, 31% asian
Type B
B antigen
anti-A antibodies
11% white, 20% black, 26% asian
Type AB
both A and B antigens
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
4% white, 4% black, 8% asian
Type O
neither A nor B antigens
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
45% white, 49% black, 35% asian
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- 5 - 6.0
decrease: anemia
increase: polycythemia
Hemoglobin
12-18 grams
decrease: iron deficiency, other anemias
increase: polycythemia
Hematocrit
38-48%
way to measure amount of RBCs
decrease: anemia
increase: polycythemia, heavy smoking
Reticulocytes
0-1.5%
immature RBCs
decrease: RBM suppression
increase: insufficiency of mature RBCs
White blood cells (total)
5,000-10,000
decrease: leukopenia
increase: leukocytosis
Neutrophils
55-70%
phagocytize pathogens
decrease: radiation, chemo for cancer
increase: infection, inflammation
Eosinophils
1-3%
phagocytize foreign antibodies, detoxify foreign proteins during allergic reactions/parasitic infections
decrease: corticosteroid excess
increase: allergies, parasitic infections
Basophils
0.5-1%
contains anticoagulant heparin to prevent abnormal clotting & histamine
decrease: cancer
increase: allergies
Lymphocytes
20-35%
destroy foreign antibodies & cells, produce antibodies, provide immunity
decrease: HIV/AIDS, severe burns, cancer, radiation
increase: many viral diseases
Monocytes
3-8%
phagocytize pathogens & dead or damaged tissue
decrease: corticosteroid excess
increase: many viral diseases, chronic inflammation
Platelets (thrombocytes)
150,000-300,000
prevent blood loss
decrease: thrombocytopenia that may be idiopathic or accompany aplastic anemia
increase: not considered a clinical condition, but may follow removal of the spleen
Stage 1 of clotting
Needed: Platelet factors; chemicals from damaged tissue (tissue thromboplastin); Factors 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; calcium ions
Platelet factors + tissue thromboplastin + other clotting factors + calcium ions form prothrombin activator (prothrombinase)
Stage 2 of clotting
Needed: Prothrombin activator from stage 1; prothrombin; calcium ions
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
Stage 3 of clotting
Needed: Thrombin from stage 2; fibrinogen; calcium ions; factor 13 (fibrin stabilizing factor)
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Amount of blood
4-6 L
38-48% blood cells
52-62% plasma
Color of blood
Arterial blood is bright red
Venous blood is darker, dull red color
pH of blood
7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline
venous blood has slightly lower pH than arterial
Viscosity of blood
3-5x thicker than water
