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Medic - Exam 4 > Chapter 11 - Basic Principles of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of drug from the site of input into the circulation

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2
Q

Acetylation

A

A mechanism in which a drug is processed by enzymes

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3
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of molecules that occurs with energy input and can occur against concentration gradients

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4
Q

Additive Effect

A

The combined effect of two drugs given at the same time that have similar effects

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5
Q

Adrenergic

A

Having the characteristics of the sympathetic division of the ANS

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6
Q

Adsorb

A

To gather or stick to a surface in condensed layer

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7
Q

Adverse Effect (Reaction)

A

An unintentional, undesirable, and often unpredictable effect of a drug used at therapeutic doses to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease

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8
Q

Affinity

A

The intensity or strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor

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9
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that causes a physiologic response in the receptor to which it binds

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10
Q

Alkaloids

A

A group of plant-based substances containing nitrogen and found in nature

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11
Q

Anaphylactic reaction

A

An unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance

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12
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that does not cause a physiologic response when it binds with a receptor

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13
Q

Assay

A

A test of a substance to determine its components

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates many involuntary processes

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15
Q

Bioassay

A

A test that determines the effects of a substance on an organism and compares the result with some agreed standard

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16
Q

Bioavailability

A

The sped with which and how much of a drug reaches its intended site of action

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17
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

A layer of tightly adhered cells that protect the brain and spinal cord from exposure to medications, toxins, and infectious particle

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18
Q

Buccal

A

An administration route in which medication is placed in the mouth between the gum and the mucous membrane of the heel and absorbed into the bloodstream

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19
Q

Caplet

A

A tablet with an oblong shape and a film-coated covering

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20
Q

Capsule

A

Small gelatin shell in which a powdered or granule form of medication is placed; it is easy to swallow and the shell will not begin to break down until in the GI tract; popular because of a reduced adverse taste when swallowing

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21
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Chemical Name

A

A precise description of a drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

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23
Q

Cholinergic

A

Having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

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24
Q

Cross Tolerance

A

Decreasing responsiveness to the effects of a drug in a drug classification (such as narcotics) and the likelihood of development of decreased responsiveness to another drug in that classification

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25
Q

Cumulative Action

A

Increased intensity of drug action evident after administration of several doses

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26
Q

Delayed reaction

A

A delay between exposure and onset of action

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27
Q

Desired Action

A

The intended beneficial effect of a drug

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28
Q

Diffusion

A

The passive transport of solutes (small particles)

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29
Q

Distribution

A

The movement of drugs from the bloodstream to target organs

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30
Q

Dosage

A

Administration of a therapeutic agent in prescribed amounts

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31
Q

Dose

A

The exact amount of medication to be given or taken sat on time

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32
Q

Down Regulation

A

The process by which a cell decreases the number of receptors exposed to a given substance to reduce its sensitivity to that substance

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33
Q

Drug

A

Any substance (other than a food or device) intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease or intended to affect the structure or function of the body of human beings or animals

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34
Q

Drug Allergy

A

The reaction to a medication with an adverse outcome

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35
Q

Drug Dependence

A

A physical need or adaptation to the drug with or without the psychological need to take the drug

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36
Q

Drug-Food Interaction

A

Changes in a drug’s effects caused by food or beverages ingested during the same period

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37
Q

Drug Interaction

A

The manner in which one drug and a second drug (or food) act on each other

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38
Q

Effector

A

The muscle, gland, or organ on which the ANS exerts an effect; target organ

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39
Q

Efficacy

A

The ability of a drug to produce a physiologic response after attaching to a receptor

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40
Q

Elimination

A

The process of removing a drug from the body

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41
Q

Elixir

A

A clear, oral solution that contains the drug, water, and some alcohol

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42
Q

Emulsion

A

A water and oil mixture containing medication

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43
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that function in the transmission of signals within the nervous system

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44
Q

Enteral

A

A drug given for its systemic effects that passes through the digestive tract

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45
Q

Enteric-Coated Tablets

A

Tablets that have a special coating so they break down in the intestines instead of the stomach

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46
Q

Excretion

A

Same as Elimination

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47
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

The transport of substances through a protein channel carrier with no energy input

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48
Q

First-Pass Effect

A

The breakdown of a drug in the liver and walls of the intestines before it reaches the systemic circulation

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49
Q

Formulary

A

A book that contains a list of medicinal substances with their formulas, uses, and methods of preparation

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50
Q

Ganglion

A

The junction between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves

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51
Q

Gases

A

Substances inhaled and absorbed through the reparatory tract

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52
Q

Gastric

A

The route used when a tube is placed into the digestive tract, such as a nasogastic, orogastic or gastrostomy tube

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53
Q

Gel Cap

A

Soft gelatin shell filled with liquid medication

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54
Q

Generic Name

A

The name proposed by the first manufacturer when a drug is submitted to the FDA for approval; often an abbreviated form of the drug’s chemical name, structure, or formula

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55
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

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56
Q

Gycoside

A

A compound that yields a sugar and one or more other products when its parts are separated

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57
Q

Gum

A

Plant reside used for medicinal or recreational purposes

58
Q

Half-Life

A

The time required to eliminate half of a substance from the body

59
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

An altered reactivity to a medication that occurs after prior sensitization; response is independent of the dose

60
Q

Iatrogenic Drug Response

A

An unintentional disease or drug effect produced by a physician’s prescribed therapy

61
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

The unexpected and usually individual (genetic) adverse response to a drug

62
Q

Inhalation

A

A route in which the medication is aerosolized and delivered directly to the lung tissue

63
Q

Interference

A

The ability of one drug to limit the physiologic function of another drug

64
Q

Intracardiac

A

The injection of a drug directly into the heart

65
Q

Intradermal

A

Route of the infection of medication between the dermal layers of skin

66
Q

Intralingual

A

Direct injection into the underside of the tongue with a small volume of medication

67
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

An injection of medication directly into the muscle

68
Q

Intranasal

A

The route that offers direct delivery of medications into the nasal passages and sinuses

69
Q

Intraosseous

A

An administration route used in emergency situations when peripheral venous access is not established; a needle is passed through the cortex of the bone and the medication is infused into the capillary network within the bone matrix

70
Q

Intrathecal

A

The direct deposition of medication into the spinal canal

71
Q

Intravenous (IV)

A

Administration route offering instantaneous and nearly complete absorption through peripheral or central venous access

72
Q

Investigational Drug

A

A drug not yet approved by the FDA

73
Q

Local Effect

A

The effects of a drug at the site where the drug is applied or in the surrounding tissues

74
Q

Mechanism of Action

A

The manner in which a drug works to produce its intended effect

75
Q

Median lethal dose

A

The dose of a medication that kills 50% of the drug-tested population

76
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical modification of the original drug

77
Q

Metabolites

A

The smaller molecules from the breakdown that occurs during metabolism

78
Q

Nasogastric

A

The administration route used when a nasogastric tube is in place. This bypasses the voluntary swallowing reflex

79
Q

Neuropeptide

A

A protein that may interact with a receptor after circulation through the blood

80
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical released from one nerve that crosses the synaptic clef to reach a receptor

81
Q

Nonproprietary Name

A

Generic name

82
Q

Official Name

A

A drug’s name as listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia

83
Q

Oils

A

In medice, substances extracted from flowers, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, or bark for use in therapeutic treatments

84
Q

Oral

A

A route of administration in which the medication is placed in the mouth and swallowed; the drug is absorbed through the GI tract

85
Q

Orphan Drugs

A

Products developed for the diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions, such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis

86
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive movement of water from a higher to a lower concentration

87
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

The division of the ANS responsible for the relaxed state of the body known as “feed and breed”

88
Q

Parasympatholytics

A

Drugs that block or inhibit the function of the parasympathetic receptors

89
Q

Parasympatomimetics

A

Drugs that mimic the parasympathetic division of the ANS

90
Q

Parenteral

A

Administration route used for systemic effects and given by a route other that the digestive tract

91
Q

Partial Agonist

A

A drug that when bound to a receptor may elicit a physiologic response, but it is less than that of an agonist; may also block the response of a competing agonist

92
Q

Passive Transport

A

The ability of a substance to traverse a barrier without any energy input; generally occurs from a higher to lower concentration

93
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All the nerves outside the CNS

94
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs

95
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

The study of inherited differences (variations) in drug metabolism and response

96
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body

97
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of drugs, including their actions and effects on the host

98
Q

Pharmacopoeia

A

A book describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations in a country or specific geographic area, including a description of the drug its formula, and dosage.

99
Q

Pill

A

Dried powder forms of medication in the form of a small pellet; the term pill has been replaced with tablet and capsule

100
Q

Placental Barrier

A

Many layers of cells that form between maternal and fetal circulation that protect the fetus from toxins

101
Q

Plasma Level Profile

A

The measurement of blood level of medication versus the dodge administered

102
Q

Polypharmacy

A

The concurrent use of several medications

103
Q

Postganglionic Neuron

A

The nerve that travels from the ganglia to the desired organ or tissue

104
Q

Potentiation

A

A prolongation or increase in the effect of a drug by another drug

105
Q

Powder

A

Medication ground into a fine substance

106
Q

Preganglionic Neuron

A

The nerve that extends from the spinal cord (CNS) to the ganglion

107
Q

Prodrug

A

A substance that is inactive when it is given and is converted to an active form within the body

108
Q

Receptor

A

A molecule, such as a protein, found inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance (such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters) and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell

109
Q

Rectal

A

The drug administration route for suppositories; the drug is placed into the rectum (colon) and is absorbed into the venous circulation

110
Q

Second Messenger

A

A molecule that relays signals from a receptor on the surface of the cell to target molecules in the cell’s nucleus or internal fluid where a physiologic action is to take place; also called a biochemical messenger

111
Q

Side effect

A

An effect of a drug other than the one for which it was given; may or may not be harmful

112
Q

Solubility

A

Pertaining to the ease with which a drug can dissolve

113
Q

Solution

A

A medication dissolved in a liquid, often water

114
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system whose motor nerves control movement of voluntary muscles

115
Q

Spirit

A

A medication that contains volatile aromatic substances

116
Q

Steady State

A

An evenly distributed concentration of a drug in the plasma

117
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Injection of medication in a liquid form underneath the skin into the subcutaneous tissue

118
Q

Sublingual

A

Medication placed under the tongue

119
Q

Summation

A

The combined effects of two or more drugs are equal to the sum of each of their effects

120
Q

Suppository

A

Medications combined to make them solid at room temperature; when placed in a body opening such as the rectum, vagina or urethra, they dissolve because of the increase in body temperature an are absorbed through the surrounding mucosa

121
Q

Suspension

A

Medication suspended in a liquid, such as an oral antibiotic

122
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

The division of the ANS that prepares the body for stress or the classic fight-or-flight response

123
Q

Sympatholytics

A

Drugs that block or inhibit adrenergic receptors

124
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Drugs that mimic the sympathetic division of the ANS

125
Q

Synaptic Junction

A

The open space in which neurotransmitters traverse to reach a receptor

126
Q

Synergism

A

The interaction of drugs such the that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects

127
Q

Synthetic Drugs

A

Drugs chemically developed in a laboratory; also called manufactured drugs

128
Q

Syrup

A

A medication dissolved in water with sugar or a sugar substitute to disguise taste

129
Q

Systemic Effect

A

Drug action throughout the body

130
Q

Tablets

A

Medications that have been pressed into a small form that is easy to swallow. They are a specific shape, color and may have engravings for identifications

131
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

The raptly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses; rapid cross tolerance

132
Q

Teratogen

A

A drug or agent that is harmful to the development of an embryo or fetus

133
Q

Therapeutic Dose

A

The dose required to produce an beneficial effect in 50% of the drug-tested population; also called effective dose

134
Q

Therapeutic Threshold

A

The level of a drug that elicits a beneficial physiologic response

135
Q

Tincture

A

A medicine consisting of an extract in an alcohol solution; examples include tincture of iodine, tincture of mercurochrome

136
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreasing responsiveness to the effects of a drug; increasingly larger doses are necessary to achieve the effect originally obtained by a smaller dose

137
Q

Topical

A

On the skin

138
Q

Trade Name

A

The name given a chemical compound by the company that makes it; also called the brand name or proprietary name

139
Q

Transdermal

A

Through the skin

140
Q

Umbilical

A

An administration route that may be used on a newborn infant; because the umbilical cord was the primary source of nutrient and waste exchange, it provides an immediate source of drug exchange

141
Q

Upregulation

A

The process by which a cell increases the number of receptors exposed to a given substance to improve its sensitivity to that substance

Medic - Exam 4 (3 decks)

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